Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A A Makhlaĭ.
Difficulties in the clinical diagnosis of rickettsiosis and related illnesses made it necessary to develop and improve its methods (immunoferment analysis, nondirect methods of fluorescent antibodies and polimerase chain reaction). Detailed recommendations for diagnosis of Q-fever by the level and growth of antibodies of IgG and IgA subclasses.
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As a result of long-standing screening of chemopreparations of anti-rickettsiosis action in-vitro and in-vivo experiments and their clinical evaluation in the treatment of R. of any etiology, it is established that the most effective ones are those of the 4 groups: tetracyclines (doxicycline, minocyclines), ansamicines (rifampicine), ftorchinolones (cyprofloxacine, ofloxacine, pefloxacine) and the new generation of macrolides (asitromicine, klaritromicine). Since all the studied preparations have only rickettsiosis-static effect, a promising way to finding a rickettsiocidic preparation capable of preventing a possible persistence of a relevant agent in a human body is a combined application of highly effective chemopreparations (doxicycline, in particular) or pefloxacine with lysosomal alkalinizing drugs (chlorochin, ammonium chloride or amantadine). Antibiotics of prolonged anti-rickettsiosis action give a real chance for prevention even with a one-time dose.
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Microbe of taxonomical families Rickettsiaceae aceal and Bartonellaceae of Rickettsiales order have caused not less than 14 nosological forms of disease among people in different parts of the world. About 8 of them--in Russia and in the former Soviet Republics. These diseases are not unequivocal from epidemiological point of view. Trench, Marseilles and other forms of fever, murine typhus, vesicules rickettsia, etc. have been liquidated and never recurred for 30-40 years. Prowazek's [correction of Provachek's] rickettsia in its two forms has lost its epidemiological meaning in Russia and is next to full disappearance. However, some types of fever still represent a definite threat to public health. Some diseases, like ehrlichiosis, Bartonella, tsutsugamushi fever have not yet been studied to the end in Russia.
The paper provides the data available in the literature on the present-day direction in exploitation of recombinant vaccines on the basis of Mycobacterium spp. Special attention is paid to the nature of shuttle vectors for Mycobacterium spp. and E. coli.
Oral and dermal administrations of vaccinia virus into rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys demonstrated a milder (without homeostasis disturbance) course of the vaccinal process with oral immunization, intensive immunity forming in minimal sensitization of the body was compared with dermal one. The results of revaccination in adults with oral smallpox vaccine and primary immunization in Ethiopia showed that oral immunization with vaccinia virus was safe, effective and lowly reactogenic. The comparative study of the preparation in remote revaccination (5 or more years later) proved its advantage over dermal vaccine. It consists in ecological safety (vaccinia virus excretion into the environment during 1 and 11 days, respectively, by 10-fold concentration reduction), reactogenicity (5 and 33% of common reactions, respectively) in the same immunogenicity.
Residual virulence of three vaccinia strains: Neurovaccine, L-IVP, and its recombinant Revacs-B expressing HBs and preS2 antigens of hepatitis B virus is compared. Insertion of HBs and preS2 antigens of hepatitis B virus in the genome of vaccinia virus strain L-IVP decreases its residual virulence and leads to a benign course of vaccinal reaction involving no deaths of rabbits, cotton rats, or guinea pigs. We may expect that recombinant vaccine Revacs B based on L-IVP strain will cause no postvaccinal complications under conditions of an appreciable decrease in population immunity to vaccinia virus.
The results of the molecular biological detection of the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever in Rostov Province are presented. The role of the causative agents of Astrakhan rickettsial fever, hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome, Q fever, leptospirosis and listeriosis has been excluded by means of such immunochemical reactions as the direct and indirect immunofluorescent tests, the solid-phase immunoenzyme assay, the complement fixation test and the agglutination test. The relationship between the cases of hemorrhagic fever in the focus of the outbreak and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus has been demonstrated due to the use of the polymerase chain reaction with preliminary reverse transcription.
The results of the epidemiological analysis of the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever which was caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and occurred during the period of July 3-19, 1999, in the Oblivskaya district of Rostov Province are presented. The specific epidemiological features of the outbreak have been determined. The possible versions of the appearance of the focus of infection and the role of Ixodes ticks in the circulation of the infective agent are discussed.
The problem of transgenic plants application to production of antigens, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones is discussed. Transgenic plants are a highly effective system for production of bioactive molecules. Prospects for using transgenic plants expressing viral and bacterial antigens for mucosal immunization are discussed.
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The comparative study of the specimens of the morphological elements of exanthema obtained from 8 children with the clinical diagnosis of secondary exogenic vaccinia, dried smallpox vaccine and the cultures of other orthopoxviruses (rabbit pox, monkey pox and buffalo pox viruses) was made. The isolation and identification of the causative agents from the specimens was carried out with the use of modern virological, electron microscopic and molecular methods. The study proved the fact that 8 children had orthopoxvirus infection with its causative agent identified as vaccinia virus.
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High effectiveness of C.burnetii strain M-44 was confirmed in experimental studies on subcutaneously immunized guinea pigs ¿correction of pig] after their intratracheal infection with the virulent culture of the infective agent. The study revealed that the dose necessary for the enteral immunization of guinea pigs and monkeys was 10(4.8) -- 10(5.0) times less than that needed for the oral immunization of the animals. Live enteral vaccine obtained on the basis of this strain possessed sufficiently pronounced immunogenic and protective properties, protecting 75% of immunized monkeys from subcutaneous infection with C.burnetii virulent culture.
An enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for the detection of Ebola virus antigen. It permits a highly accurate and sensitive rapid detection of the antigen. Optimal dilutions of specific immunoglobulin (1:500, corresponding to protein concentration of 50 micrograms/ml) and conjugate were found. The resolving capacity of the new test system is 1.9 x 10(-7) g protein.
The organizational and methodological separateness in the collection of pathogenic viruses impedes the development of universal approaches to practical collection. The authors propose a universal research program for the creation of specialized National Museums of Pathogens as reference and methodological centers within the framework of the Russian State Collection of Microorganisms. Further improvement of methods for virus collection is desirable.