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Biomedical subjects

A Akashi

Publications and source records attributed to A Akashi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Thoracoscopic enucleation of a large leiomyoma located on the left side of the esophageal wall.

Thoracoscopic enucleation through the right thorax was successfully performed for a large leiomyoma located on the left wall of the upper-middle esophagus. Using intraoperative esophagoscopy, the exact location of the tumor was identified by trans-illumination. Two sling tapes passed around teh esophagus made the procedure as easy as that for tumor located on the right wall of the esophagus. We considered that the thoracoscopic approach through the right thorax can be applied to various types of esophageal leiomyoma, even a large one located on the left side of the esophagus.

Adult↗

Production of a T-cell clone which reacts with membrane proteins of Acholeplasma laidlawii.

The role of cellular immunity in mycoplasma infection is not completely understood. In this study, we established mycoplasma-specific T-cell clones to evaluate cellular immunity in mycoplasma infection. We developed a T-cell clone (G-10) which was stimulated with Acholeplasma laidlawii. The T-cell clone G-10, CD4+ and T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta- recognized the 42- and 65-kilodalton (kDa) membrane proteins of A. laidlawii and responded to A. hippikon. Hence, the application of mycoplasma-specific T cells such as G-10 in animal models may allow the assessment of cellular immune response to mycoplasma infection.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗

Thoracoscopic treatment of esophagobronchial fistula with esophageal diverticulum.

Thoracoscopic fistulectomy and diverticulectomy for esophagobronchial fistula with esophageal diverticulum were performed on a 49-year-old-woman. The neck of the diverticulum and the fistula were divided with endo-stapling technique. Intraoperative esophagoscopy was found to be useful for the definite localization and complete excision of the fistula and the diverticulum and the avoidance of stenosis of the esophagus. To avoid the recurrence of fistula, a pedicle of viable mediastinal pleura was interposed between esophageal and bronchial closures. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the complete relief of symptom was experienced for a period of 10 months after the operation. It is to be considered that the present thoracoscopic procedure with intraoperative esophagoscopy can be used as a standard operative procedure for esophagobronchial fistula with esophageal diverticulum.

Bronchial Fistula↗

Laparoscopic reconstruction of vagina using sigmoid autograft.

With the advent of advanced laparoscopic techniques in surgery, new applications have been found, which have expanded the role of laparoscopy in the gynecological field. The aim of this paper is to introduce our laparoscopic technique of taking a sigmoid colon autograft for colpopoiesis in a patient with congenital agenesis of the vagina. This technique is less invasive and is easy to perform, and it may be the best choice of operation in respect to the naturalness and the permanency of the vagina that results. The success of this laparoscopic technique of taking a sigmoid autograft for colpopoiesis suggests diverse possible applications in the future.

Adult↗

Proteins of 30 and 36 kilodaltons, membrane constituents of the Staphylococcus aureus L form, induce production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and activate the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat.

We have previously demonstrated that the membrane of the Staphylococcus aureus L form induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from murine macrophages. In this study, we purified two proteins which induce TNF-alpha production from a human monocytic cell line, THP-1, and murine macrophages. These molecules were purified from delipidated membranes by deoxycholic acid extraction, two-step anion-exchange chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified proteins showed for each a single band with a molecular mass of 30, and 36 kDa. These proteins were heat stable. Polymyxin B did not affect the production of TNF-alpha induced by these proteins. Furthermore, these proteins induced comparable levels of TNF-alpha in both lipopolysaccharide-responsive and -nonresponsive mouse macrophages. Pretreatment of murine macrophages with gamma interferon enhanced 30- and 36-kDa protein-mediated TNF-alpha production. The 30-kDa protein showed lethal toxicity to D-galactosamine-treated mice. The 30- and 36-kDa proteins stimulated the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in a monocytic cell line but not a T-cell line. This effect appeared to be mediated through the induction of nuclear factor kappaB. These results indicate that the 30- and 36-kDa proteins, membrane constituents of the S. aureus L form, may play a role in S. aureus infection and/or in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.

Animals↗

Laparoscopic gastrotomy in intragastric surgery for early gastric cancer: a new technique.

Laparoscopic surgery has been widely applied not only in cholecystectomy but also in gastrointestinal operations. In previous reports the authors proposed their original operative technique, laparoscopic intragastric surgery (LIGS),' in which all trocars and surgical instruments are inserted directly into the gastric lumen to perform the resection of mucosal or' submucosal lesions of the stomach. The purpose of this article is to introduce laparoscopic gastrotomy as a new technique for removing early gastric cancer by LIGS.

Journal Article↗

Changes in biliary glutathione level during ischemia-reperfusion of rat liver.

Changes in hepatic and biliary glutathione levels were studied in rat liver treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) and subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Immediately after t-BuOOH administration, the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) values and reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio in the bile increased dose-dependently and then returned to control level within 10 min, whereas the hepatic ATP level and bile flow rate were not affected by t-BuOOH at doses of up to 1.0 mmol/kg. These data suggested that the liver remains viable on treatment with up to 1.0 mmole/kg t-BuOOH, and that hepatocytes can rapidly dismute t-BuOOH at up to this dose. The hepatic GSH and GSSG levels did not vary appreciably during ischemia for 10 or 30 min or during subsequent reperfusion, but the GSSG/GSH ratio increased after ischemia for 30 min. The rate of bile flow and the biliary level of GSH decreased after ischemia for 30 min in proportion to the decrease in the hepatic ATP level. However, the biliary GSSG concentration did not vary on reperfusion, although GSSG secretion into the bile is also related to the hepatic ATP level. As a result, the GSSG/GSH ratio in the bile increased during reperfusion after ischemia for 30 min. This increased ratio is thought to reflect oxidation of hepatic GSH by hydroperoxide produced during reperfusion. The GSSG/GSH ratio in the bile after 30 min ischemia corresponded to that observed after a small dose (0.07 mmole/kg body wt) of t-BuOOH, which hepatocytes could dismute rapidly without loss of their viability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in the lungs of Mycoplasma pulmonis-infected mice.

ICR mice were infected intranasally with Mycoplasma pulmonis isolated freshly from the lungs of a rat with pneumonia. We demonstrated with high reproducibility the expressions of messenger RNAs of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) in the lung tissue of M. pulmonis-infected mice by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed specific mRNA of the cytokines by restriction endonuclease digestion. Both the viable population of M. pulmonis in the lung tissue and the titers of the neutralizing antibody in the serum increased between 7 and 21 days, and reached their maximum 35 days after infection. The pneumonia in mice progresses with the development of lung lesions after 7 days of infection. The early lesions are characterized primarily by neutrophils and edema in the alveolar spaces. mRNAs prepared from the lung tissue of M. pulmonis-infected and -uninfected mice were also tested for the presence of messages specific to TNF alpha and IFN gamma by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the genes encoding TNF alpha and IFN gamma was constitutively demonstrated from 24 hr through 35 days after the intranasal inoculation of M. pulmonis. Furthermore, cells of two types, adherent and nonadherent cells, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from the mice 3 weeks after inoculation of M. pulmonis were also found to express the genes of TNF alpha and IFN gamma respectively. These data suggest that these cytokines would play a role in both stimulation in the development of pathological changes in mycoplasmal infection, affecting the inflammatory responses.

Administration, Intranasal↗

Attenuation of warm ischemic injury of rat lung by inflation with room air--assessment of cellular components and the surfactant in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in relation to changes in cellular adenosine triphosphate.

Studies were made on the effects in rat lungs of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and its related metabolites, the releases of intracellular enzymes, and the secretion of pulmonary surfactant. After warm ischemia for 120 min, the ATP content of lungs inflated with air was significantly higher (8.0 +/- 1.2 mumol/g dry weight) than those of deflated lungs and lungs inflated with nitrogen (0.8 +/- 0.7 mumol/g dry weight and 2.0 +/- 0.7 mumol/g dry weight, respectively; P < 0.001). The amounts of intracellular enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, and protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of air-inflated lungs were significantly less than those in BALFs of deflated and nitrogen-inflated lungs (P < 0.001). The BALF-contents of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the main component of alveolar surfactant of aerobic and anaerobic ischemic lung were, however, similar. During 120-min warm ischemia after lavage, air-inflated lungs secreted significantly more DPPC into the alveolar space than nitrogen-inflated lungs did (P < 0.001). We conclude that cell membranes in the lungs are damaged under anaerobic conditions, but that inflation of ischemic lungs with air is effective for protecting them from cell injury and for maintaining the intracellular level of ATP and the ability of the cells to secrete pulmonary surfactant.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗

Effects of new quinolones on Mycoplasma pneumoniae-infected hamsters.

The efficacies of the new quinolones temafloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were investigated against Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an experimental hamster pneumonia model. Hamsters were infected intratracheally with M. pneumoniae and sacrificed 18 h after the final medication, and their lungs were aseptically removed, homogenized, and cultured quantitatively. The efficacies of these drugs were determined by the CFU of M. pneumoniae in lungs. Temafloxacin and ofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, were active when the oral administration of 200 mg/kg of body weight per day (once per day) for 5 days was initiated 24 h after infection. Although no effect on the elimination of M. pneumoniae was observed after the administration of these drugs at 200 mg/kg/day at 5 days after infection, the continuous administration for 15 days of temafloxacin, but not ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin, significantly reduced viable M. pneumoniae in the lungs. These results suggest that temafloxacin and ofloxacin are effective in the acute phase of infection and, moreover, that temafloxacin is effective in the late stage of infection during which progressive lung alterations and continuous increases in mycoplasmal growth occurred. The peak levels of temafloxacin in sera and lungs after oral administration were similar to those of ofloxacin and higher than those of ciprofloxacin. The areas under the curve of temafloxacin in the lung tissue, however, were higher than those of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. On the basis of these results, temafloxacin and ofloxacin might be promising antimicrobial agents for the treatment of mycoplasmal infection.

Animals↗

In vitro and in vivo activities of Q-35, a new fluoroquinolone, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy of Q-35, a new fluoroquinolone, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae were investigated by pharmacokinetic studies with M. pneumoniae-infected hamsters. By using fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines as references, Q-35 was found to possess the greatest mycoplasmacidal activity. The MIC for 90% of strains tested (MIC90) and the MIC50 were 0.78 and 0.39 microgram/ml, respectively, and the MBC for 90% of strains tested (MBC90) and the MBC50 were 3.13 and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively. The MBC50-to-MIC50 ratio for Q-35 was 2. Furthermore, only Q-35 continued to be effective against 19 strains of erythromycin-resistant mutants of M. pneumoniae. The efficacies of fluoroquinolones against M. pneumoniae were also investigated by using an experimental hamster pneumonia model to measure the CFU of M. pneumoniae in the lungs. Q-35 and ofloxacin were efficacious following oral administration of 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days, initiated 24 h after infection, while ciprofloxacin was not active. Continuous administration of Q-35 for 10 days significantly reduced numbers of viable M. pneumoniae in the lungs. These results suggest that both Q-35 and ofloxacin are effective in the early phase of infection and, moreover, that Q-35 is also effective in the middle stage of infection, when progressive lung alterations and continuous increases in mycoplasmal growth occur. Peak levels of Q-35 in sera and lungs after oral administration were higher than those of ciprofloxacin but lower than those of ofloxacin. On the basis of these results, Q-35 appears to be a promising antimicrobial agent in chemotherapy of mycoplasmal infection.

Administration, Oral↗

Induction of macrophage-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by an L-form derived from Staphylococcus aureus.

We investigated the capability of an L-form derived from Staphylococcus aureus to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production in murine peritoneal macrophages. The activity for TNF-alpha induction was found in the membrane fraction of the L-form but not in the cytoplasmal fraction purified by the sucrose step gradient centrifugation. TNF-alpha mRNA was also detected in macrophages stimulated with L-form membranes. L-form induced TNF-alpha production in macrophages from both lipopolysaccharide-responsive and -unresponsive mouse strains. Regardless of the presence of polymyxin B, the activity of TNF-alpha induction of L-form was mostly found in the phenol layer, but not in the aqueous layer, both of which were prepared by phenol extraction method. Fractions of L-form membranes representing molecular masses of approximately between 29 and 36 kDa were primarily responsible for inducing the production of TNF-alpha consistently. Moreover, this stimulatory effect was abolished by digestion with Streptomyces griseus protease. In Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with anti-lipoteichoic acid antibody, two bands (65 and 45 kDa) were observed in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the phenol layer, whereas one band (14 kDa) was observed in either the aqueous layer or lipoteichoic acid of S. aureus. These results suggest that the component in the membrane of the L-form, distinct from cell wall components such as teichoic acid or lipopolysaccharide, possesses the capability to stimulate TNF-alpha production by macrophages.

Animals↗

[Primary mediastinal tumors in children--comparison with mediastinal tumors in adults].

During the past 43 years, 628 patients with a primary mediastinal tumor underwent surgical operation in our institution. Of those patients, 106 patients (16.9%) were children of 15 yr of age or less and 522 patients (83.1%) were adults. 47 (44.3%) of the 106 children had neurogenic tumors, while 21 patients (19.8%) had a teratoma. 189 (36.2%) of the 522 adults had thymoma and 89 patients (17.1%) had teratoma. In the 106 children there were 71 benign tumor patients (66.9%) and 35 malignant tumor patients (33.1%). There were 277 (53.1%) benign and 245 (46.95) malignant tumors in the 522 adults. The adults had significantly more malignant tumors than the children (p < 0.01). In our series of malignant mediastinal tumors in children, 14 patients (13.3%) had a lymphoma and 11 patients (10.5%) had a neuroblastoma. On the other hand, in the adults, 127 patients (24.3%) had a thymoma and 66 patients (12.6%) had a lymphoma. Regarding benign mediastinal tumors, in children, 30 patients (28.5%) had a ganglioneuroma and 19 patients (18.0%) had a teratoma. In the adults, 68 patients (13.0%) had a teratoma and 62 patients (11.9%) had a thymoma. In the clinical manifestation, 51 child patients (48.1%) and 191 adult patients (36.6%) were asymptomatic. As symptoms due to compression or direct invasion to adjacent structures, dyspnea was seen in 16 child patients (15.1%), and chest pain occurred in 59 adult patients (11.3%). Dyspnea was significantly more common in children than in in adults (p < 0.01). Emergency operations were performed in children more than in adults.

Adolescent↗

Stability constants of Ca-alkyl salicylate complexes and their effect on the dissolution of calcium hydroxide dental cements.

The proton-ligand stability constants (pKa) and Ca-ligand stability constants (log beta) of the five types of alkyl salicylate were determined and the dissolution of the calcium hydroxide cements prepared from those salicylates was examined in water. The dissolution of the cements containing monoesters decreased with the increase in their pKa and log beta values. The cement containing diester showed lower dissolution than that estimated from those values. This seems to be related to the polymeric structure of the cement matrix consisting of the complex of the diester with calcium.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

Filtration coefficient in isolated preserved and reperfused canine lung.

The filtration coefficient (Kf) in Starling's equation for fluid exchange was estimated in isolated reperfused canine lobes to evaluate the effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury on alveolar-capillary permeability quantitatively and to determine the inhibitory effects of a high dose of methylprednisolone (MPS) or dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger, on this injury. We reperfused isolated canine left lower lobes (LLLs) with blood at a constant flow after 3 hr of warm (38 degrees C) or cold (4 degrees C) ischemia and measured Kf after 1 hr of reperfusion. The mean value of Kf (+/- 1 SD) in the cold ischemic lobes (COLD, n = 7), 0.13 +/- 0.04 g.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1, was not different from that in the control nonischemic lobes (CONT, n = 6), 0.10 +/- 0.04 g.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1. In contrast, the mean value of the Kf in the warm ischemic lobes (WARM, n = 7), 0.38 +/- 0.17 g.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1, was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than in CONT.MPS (30 mg/Kg) or DMTU (0.75 g/kg) administered before isolation of LLL and before reperfusion reduced the increase in Kf in warm ischemic lobes to 0.19 +/- 0.09 and 0.19 +/- 0.05 g.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1, respectively (P less than 0.005 WARM vs MPS, and P less than 0.01 WARM vs DMTU). MPS and DMTU also attenuated the impairment of gas exchange. We conclude that (1) reperfusion after 3 hr of warm ischemia increases Kf but after cold ischemia does not, and (2) MPS and DMTU prevent the increase in Kf.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

Erosion process of calcium hydroxide cements in water.

Erosion process of calcium hydroxide cements was examined for 7 days by chemical analysis of eluates and observation of structural change of the eroded cements when the cements were immersed in water at 37 degrees C. The elution of salicylate from the set cements as well as that of Ca continued during the immersion time. In the early stage of the erosion, unreacted Ca(OH)2 was preferentially extracted from the cements in comparison with Ca-alkyl salicylate chelate of the cement matrix. The elution rate of N-ethyl o- and p-toluene sulphonamides, which were contained as plasticizer, was higher than those of Ca and salicylate. Insoluble inorganic filler remained at the surface of the cements after extraction of unreacted Ca(OH)2 and disintegration of the cement matrix. Types of salicylate ester seemed to affect the cement durability.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

Effects of antihypertensive drugs on experimental cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The effects of antihypertensive drugs on ischemic cerebral damage were investigated using the bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) model in SHR. Oral budralazine and nifedipine, at doses that increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in SHR in our previous study (Tanaka, S. et al., Folia Pharmacol, Japan, 87, 1986), significantly improved cerebral energy failure after the BCAO, but prazosin which does not increase CBF had no effect on the energy failure. These results suggest that the amelioration by these antihypertensive drugs of the energy failure after the BCAO results from its CBF-increasing effects in SHR.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

Intrinsic pressor activity of midaglizole, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, in pithed rats.

Midaglizole (3 and 30 mg/kg, i.v.) increased blood pressure in pithed rats. The pressor response was not inhibited by intravenous prazosin (0.3 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), ketanserin (1 mg/kg) or diphenhydramine (5 mg/kg). Diltiazem (1 mg/kg) antagonized the hypertension. Idazoxan (10 mg/kg) also increased blood pressure, and the pressor response was inhibited by prazosin, but not by yohimbine. These results suggest that the vascular effect of midaglizole is due to a mechanism different from that of idazoxan.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗