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Biomedical subjects

A Arboix

Publications and source records attributed to A Arboix.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Different vascular risk factor profiles in ischemic stroke versus intracerebral hemorrhage: a study in 1,702 consecutive patients with acute stroke].

BACKGROUND: To characterize the vascular risk factor profiles in ischemic stroke and in intracerebral hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The study population consisted of 1,473 consecutive ischemic stroke patients and 229 consecutive intracerebral hemorrhagic patients collected in the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry over a 10-year period. The prevalence of vascular risk factors in ischemic stroke and in intracerebral hemorrhage was analyzed by means of univariate analysis and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Hypertension was present in 52% of ischemic stroke patients and in 60.7% of intracerebral hemorrhagic patients. The pattern of risk factors associated with ischemic stroke included valve heart disease (OR = 5.96; 95% CI, 1.42-24.88), transient ischemic attack (OR = 4.16; 95% CI, 2-8.64), atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.95; 95% CI, 1.88-4.64), previous brain infarct (OR = 2.58; 95% CI, 1.53-4.35), ischemic heart disease (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 1.41-4.62), hyperlipidemia (OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.32-3.4), hypertension (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48-0.87), chronic liver disease (OR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14-0.73), previous cerebral hemorrhage (OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09-0.64) and oral anticoagulant therapy (OR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03-0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Different potentially modifiable vascular risk factors profiles were identified in ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Ischemic stroke of unusual cause: clinical features, etiology and outcome.

The clinical features, etiology and neurological outcome of ischemic stroke of unusual cause (ISUC) have rarely been reported. We retrospective reviewed all patients with this stroke subtype entered in the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry, which includes data from 2000 consecutive first-ever stroke patients admitted to the hospital between 1986 and 1995. Patients with previous ischemia and/or hemorrhagic stroke were excluded. Topographic, anamnestic, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of ISUC were assessed. Predictors of this stroke subtype were determined by logistic regression analysis. Ischemic stroke of unusual etiology was diagnosed in 70 patients (32 men and 38 women), with a mean +/- SD age of 52 +/- 22.4 years. This stroke subtype accounted for 4.3% of all first-ever strokes and 6% of all first-ever brain infarcts. Etiologies included hematological disorders in 17 cases, infection in 11, migraine stroke in 10, cerebral infarction secondary to venous thrombosis in nine, primary inflammatory vascular conditions in six and miscellaneous causes in 17. In the multivariate analysis after excluding cerebral venous thrombosis (n = 9) and arterial dissection (n = 4), because of typical clinical and radiological features, independent predictors of ISUC included 45 years of age or less (odds ratio [OR] 14.8), seizures (OR 6.8), headache (OR 5.2), hemianopia (OR 2.6) and occipital lobe involvement (OR 3.0). Patients with ISUC presented a lower in-hospital mortality rate (7.1% vs. 14.4%; P < 0.05), were more frequently symptom free at discharge (35.7% vs. 25.80%; P < 0.05) and experienced a longer mean length of hospital stay (23.7 days vs. 18.2 days; P = 0.06) than non-ISUC patients. We conclude that ISUC is infrequent, etiologies are numerous and hematologic disorders are the most frequent cause. We emphasize the better prognosis and the need to distinguish it from other ischemic stroke subtypes which have a different treatment approach and outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Clinical study of 222 patients with pure motor stroke.

The objective was to assess the frequency of pure motor stroke caused by different stroke subtypes and to compare demographic, clinical, neuroimaging, and outcome data of pure motor stroke with those of patients with other lacunar stroke as well as with those of patients with non-lacunar stroke. Data from 2000 patients with acute stroke (n=1761) or transient ischaemic attack (n=239) admitted consecutively to the department of neurology of an acute care 350 bed teaching hospital were prospectively collected in the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona stroke registry over a 10 year period. For the purpose of the study 222 (12.7%) patients with pure motor stroke were selected. The other study groups included 218 (12.3%) patients with other lacunar strokes and 1321 (75%) patients with non-lacunar stroke. In relation to stroke subtype, lacunar infarcts were found in 189 (85%) patients, whereas ischaemic lacunar syndromes not due to lacunar infarcts occurred in 23 (10.4%) patients (atherothrombotic stroke in 12, cardioembolic stroke in seven, infarction of undetermined origin in three, and infarction of unusual aetiology in one) and haemorrhagic lacunar syndromes in 10 (4.5%). Patients with pure motor stroke showed a better outcome than patients with non-lacunar stroke with a significantly lower number of complications and in hospital mortality rate, shorter duration of hospital stay, and a higher number of symptom free patients at hospital discharge. After multivariate analysis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, non-sudden stroke onset, internal capsule involvement, and pons topography seemed to be independent factors of pure motor stroke in patients with acute stroke. In conclusion, about one of every 10 patients with acute stroke had a pure motor stroke. Pure motor stroke was caused by a lacunar infarct in 85% of patients and by other stroke subtypes in 15%. Several clinical features are more frequent in patients with pure motor stroke than in patients with non-lacunar stroke.

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PubMed2001

Acute cerebrovascular disease in women.

In 2,000 consecutive stroke patients collected in a prospective hospital-based stroke registry over a 10-year period, we assessed whether stroke in men and women was different in respect to vascular risk factors, clinical features and natural history. The frequency of the different variable in men and women was analyzed by means of univariate analysis and logistic regression models. Women accounted for 48% of the study population (n = 967) and were older than men (mean age 75 vs. 69 years, p < 0.001). In the age group of 85 years or older, stroke was more frequent in women than in men (69.8 vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001). Women showed a higher frequency of cardioembolic infarction and a lower occurrence of lacunar infarction and stroke of undetermined cause than men. In-hospital mortality (17.4 vs. 13.3%) and length of hospital stay (19.6 vs. 16.7 days) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in women than in men. In the model based on demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and age were significant predictors of stroke in women, while intermittent claudication, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse were predictors in male sex. Hypertension and limb weakness were predictors for stroke in women, and absence of neurological deficit at hospital discharge, lacunar syndrome and ataxia were predictors in men in the models based on all variables. Women differ from men in the distribution of risk factors and stroke subtype, stroke severity and outcome. Differences in stroke pathology and/or differences in functional anatomy or plasticity of the brain between sexes may account for these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Atrial fibrillation and stroke: clinical presentation of cardioembolic versus atherothrombotic infarction.

The aim of the study was to compare demographic characteristics, anamnestic findings, cerebrovascular risk factors, and clinical and neuroimaging data of cardioembolic stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation and of atherothrombotic stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation. Predictors of early diagnosis of cardioembolic vs. atherothrombotic stroke infarction in atrial fibrillation patients were also determined. Data of cardioembolic stroke patients with (n=266) and without (n=81) atrial fibrillation and of atherothrombotic stroke patients with (n=75) and without (n=377) were obtained from 2000 consecutive patients included in the prospective Sagrat Cor-Alianza Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Risk factors, clinical characteristics and neuroimaging features in these subgroups were compared. The independent predictive value of each variable on early diagnosis of stroke subtype was assessed with a logistic regression analysis. In-hospital mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation was significantly higher than in non-atrial fibrillation patients both in cardioembolic (32.6% vs. 14.8%, P<0. 005) and atherothrombotic stroke (29.3% vs. 18.8%, P<0.04). Valvular heart disease (odds ratio (OR) 4.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.19-17.68) and sudden onset (OR 1.8; 95% CI 0.97-3.63) were predictors of cardioembolic stroke, and subacute onset (OR 8; 95% CI 1.29-49.42), COPD (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.91-14.21), hypertension (OR 3. 63; 95% CI 1.92-6.85), hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.13-6. 28), transient ischaemic attack (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.05-5.90), ischaemic heart disease (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.15-4.60) and diabetes (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.14-4.47) of atherothrombotic stroke. In conclusion, some clinical features at stroke onset may help clinicians to differentiate cerebral infarction subtypes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is associated with a higher in-hospital mortality both in cardioembolic and atherothrombotic stroke patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Hospital mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Experience of the "Barcelona Registry of Cerebrovascular Diseases"].

OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data de 184 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were obtained from consecutive stroke included in the prospective "Barcelona Stroke Registry". Demographic, anamnestic, clinical, neuroimaging and outcome variables in the subgroup of patients who died were compared with those in the surviving subgroup. The independent predictive value of each variable on the development of death was assessed with a logistic regression analysis. Three predictive models were constructed. A first model was based on demographic and clinical variables (total 10 variables). A second model was based on demographic, clinical and neuroimaging variables (total 17). A third model was based on demographic, clinical, neuroimaging and outcome variables (total 21). RESULTS: In-hospital death was observed in 44 patients (24%). Transient neurological deficit (OR = 13.92; 95% CI: 1.01-191.95), progressive deficit (OR = 4.21; 95% IC: 1.28-13.86), limb weakness (OR = 3.24; 95% IC: 1.49-7.08) and age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09) appeared to be independent prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality in the first predictive model. In addition to these variables, intraventricular hemorrhage (OR = 5.51; 95% CI: 1.94-16.04) was selected in the second predictive model. Transient neurological deficit (OR = 41.2; 95% CI: 1.61-1056.2), neurological complications (OR = 11.04; CI del 95%: 3.85-31.74), carotid aneurysm (OR = 6.61; 95% CI: 1.23-35.43), intraventricular hemorrhage (OR = 5.51; 95% CI: 1.65-18.4), progressive deficit (OR = 5.35; 95% CI: 1.11-25.90) and hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage (OR = 4.32; 95% CI: 1.35-13.90), appeared to be independent prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality in the third model. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features easily obtained at the patient's bedside in addition to neuroimaging data easily obtained in routine neuroimaging studies help clinicians to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transient neurological deficit prior to definitive subarachnoid hemorrhage was the main clinical predictor of in-hospital mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Lacunar infarcts in patients aged 85 years and older.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the occurrence of lacunar infarcts in the very elderly ( > or = 85 years of age) and in patients below 85. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of 374 consecutive patients with lacunar infarcts were collected from a prospective hospital-based stroke registry in which 2000 patients are included. Distinctive clinical features of lacunar infarct in the very elderly were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Lacunar infarcts were diagnosed in 39 (15%) of the 262 very elderly patients of our stroke registry. Lacunar infarcts in the very elderly accounted for 10.5% of all lacunes. There was no statistical difference in the occurrence of different lacunar syndromes between the very elderly patients and patients below 85. However, the very old group with lacunar infarct showed a significantly higher proportion of the female sex (56.4% vs 37.3%) and history of atrial fibrillation (28.2% vs 8.7%), chronic renal disease and pathologic condition and a significantly lower proportion of hypertension (61.5% vs 77.3%), diabetes (7.7%) vs 28.4%), ischemic heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, and absence of neurologic deficit at discharge from the hospital than patients below 85. After multivariate analysis only atrial fibrillation (OR = 3.77), female gender (OR =2.52), hypertension (OR = 0.35), and diabetes (OR = 0.16) were independent clinical factors for developing lacunar infarction in the very elderly. CONCLUSION: In the very elderly the higher occurrence of atrial fibrillation, the lower prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and the greater focal neurological impairment suggest that the cardioembolic pathogenetic mechanisms may be more frequent than generally established for lacunar infarcts in stroke patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Different vascular risk factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: a study from the "Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry".

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the vascular risk factor profiles in different subtypes of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 1473 consecutive ischemic stroke patients collected in a prospective stroke registry. The prevalence of vascular risk factors in each stroke subtype was analyzed independently and in comparison with other subtypes of stroke pooled together by means of univariate analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Hypertension was present in 52% of patients followed by atrial fibrillation in 27% and diabetes in 20%. The pattern of risk factors associated with atherothrombotic stroke included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63), hypertension (OR = 2.55), diabetes (OR = 2.26), transient ischemic attack (OR = 1.61), and age (OR = 1.03). Previous cerebral hemorrhage (OR = 4.72), hypertension (OR = 4.29), obesity (OR = 2.45), and diabetes (OR = 1.73) were strong predictors of lacunar stroke. In the case of cardioembolic stroke, atrial fibrillation (OR = 22.24), valvular heart disease (OR = 10.97), and female gender (OR = 1.66) occurred more frequently among patients with this stroke subtype than among the other stroke subtypes combined. CONCLUSION: Different potentially modifiable vascular risk factor profiles were identified for each subtype of ischemic stroke, particularly COPD in the case of atherothrombotic stroke and previous cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension in the case of lacunar infarction.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Acute stroke in very old people: clinical features and predictors of in-hospital mortality.

OBJECTIVES: To examine demographic characteristics, clinical features, neuroimaging data, and outcome of all acute stroke events occurring in individuals aged 85 years or older. DESIGN: Collection of data from a prospective hospital-based stroke registry. SETTING: Between January 1986 and December 1995, the data was collected of 2,000 stroke patients admitted consecutively to the department of neurology ( having 25 beds and an acute stroke unit) of Sagrat Cor-L'Alianza Hospital of Barcelona (an acute care, 350-bed teaching hospital serving a population of approximately 250,000). PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: For the purpose of this study, very old patients (aged 85 years or older) were selected (n = 262). The data of very old stroke patients were compared with the data of patients younger than 85 years of age (n = 1738). Predictors of in-hospital mortality based on clinical and neuroimaging variables were recorded within 48 hours of stroke onset, and outcome variables (medical complications that developed during hospitalization) were assessed by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The very old patients showed a significantly greater frequency of atherothrombotic (27.5% vs. 21.9%, P<.05) and cardioembolic infarctions (24.4% vs. 26.3%, P<.001) and a lesser frequency of stroke of unusual cause. Acute stroke in the very old patients was more severe than in patients younger than 85 years of age, with greater rates of in-hospital mortality (27% vs. 13.5%, P<.001), longer duration of hospital stay (22.03+/-29.6 vs. 17.5+/-21.5 days, P<.001), and lesser frequency of absence of neurologic deficit at the time of hospital discharge (21.4% vs. 33.1%, P<.001). Altered consciousness, limb weakness, sensory symptoms, involvement of the parietal lobe and temporal lobe, involvement of the internal capsule (with a protective effect), intraventricular hemorrhage, cardiac events, and respiratory events were selected as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Very old patients with acute stroke showed a differential clinical profile, different frequency of stroke subtypes, and a poorer outcome compared with stroke patients who were younger than 85 years of age. Clinical and neuroimaging factors that are indicative of the severity of stroke and that were available at the time of the initial diagnosis and at the time of the development of cardiac and respiratory complications showed a predominant influence on in-hospital mortality and may help clinicians to establish prognosis more accurately.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Results in 95 hemorrhagic stroke patients included in CLASS, a controlled trial of clomethiazole versus placebo in acute stroke patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clomethiazole is a neuroprotective drug that enhances gamma-aminobutyrate type A (GABA(A)) receptor activity. Its efficacy and safety were tested in the CLomethiazole Acute Stroke Study (CLASS). The protocol allowed a CT scan to be done after randomization but within 7 days of stroke onset to minimize delays before start of treatment. Ninety-five of the 1360 patients randomized were diagnosed as having intracranial hemorrhage rather than ischemic stroke. Safety results for clomethiazole compared with placebo in this group are reported. METHODS: The study included patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute hemispheric cerebral infarction. Treatment was a 24-hour intravenous infusion of 75 mg/kg clomethiazole or placebo. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage discovered on a postrandomization CT were withdrawn from study treatment if treatment was ongoing, and all patients were followed up to 90 days. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients received treatment, 47 in each group. The hemorrhage was classified as intracerebral in 89 patients (94%). Mortality at 90 days was 19.1% in the clomethiazole group and 23.4% in the placebo group. Sedation was the most common adverse event, occurring at a higher incidence in clomethiazole-treated patients (clomethiazole 53%, placebo 17%), followed by rhinitis and coughing. The incidence and pattern of serious adverse events was similar between the treatment groups. The percentage of patients reaching relative functional independence on the Barthel Index (score >/=60) at 90 days was 59.6% in the clomethiazole group and 53.2% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Clomethiazole appears safe to administer to hemorrhagic stroke patients compared with placebo. These results would obviate the need for a CT scan before therapy is initiated in acute stroke. The safety of clomethiazole in hemorrhagic stroke patients will be further evaluated in a prospective study that is under way in North America.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Time course of sleep-related breathing disorders in first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attack.

To investigate the prevalence and behavior of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) associated with a first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), we prospectively studied 161 consecutive patients admitted to our stroke unit. Complete neurological assessment was performed to determine parenchymatous and vascular localization of the neurological lesion. Stroke subtype was categorized as TIA, ischemic (IS), or hemorrhagic (HS). A portable respiratory recording (PRR) study was performed within 48-72 h after admission (acute phase), and subsequently after 3 mo (stable phase). During the acute phase, 116 patients (71.4%) had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 10 events/h and 45 (28%) had an AHI > 30. No relationships were found between sleep-related respiratory events and the topographical parenchymatous location of the neurological lesion or vascular involvement. Cheyne-Stokes breathing (CSB) was observed in 42 cases (26.1%). There were no significant differences in SRBD according to the stroke subtype except for the central apnea index (CAI). During the stable phase a second PRR was performed in 86 patients: 53 of 86 had an AHI > 10 and 17 of 86 had an AHI > 30. The AHI and CAI were significantly lower than those in the acute phase (16.9 +/- 13.8 versus 22.4 +/- 17.3 and 3.3 +/- 7.6 versus 6.2 +/- 10.2, respectively) (p < 0.05) while the obstructive apnea index (OAI) remained unchanged. CSB was observed in 6 of 86 patients. The prevalence of SRBD in patients with first-ever stroke or TIA is higher than expected from the available epidemiological data in our country. No correlation was found between neurological location and the presence or type of SRBD. Obstructive events seem to be a condition prior to the neurological disease whereas central events and CSB could be its consequence.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality from acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent determinant of outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a hospital-based prospective study The setting was an acute care 350-bed hospital in the city of Barcelona, Spain. Spontaneous ICH was diagnosed in 229 (11%) of 2,000 consecutive stroke patients included in a prospective stroke registry during a 10-year period. Main outcome measures were frequency of demographic variables, risk factors, clinical events, neuroimaging data, and outcome in ICH patients with and without diabetes. Variables related to vital status at discharge (alive or dead) in the univariate analysis plus age were studied in 4 logistical regression models. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients (15.3%) had diabetes. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 54.3% in the diabetic group and 26.3% in the nondiabetic group (P < 0.001). Previous cerebral infarction, altered consciousness, sensory symptoms, cranial nerve palsy, multiple topography of the hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infectious complications were significantly more frequent in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. The presence of diabetes was a significant predictive variable in the model based on demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio 2.98 [95% CI 1.37-6.46]) and in the models based on these variables plus clinical variables (5.76 [2.01-16.51]), neuroimaging variables (5.59 [1.87-16.691), and outcome data (6.10 [2.04-18.291). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is an independent determinant of death after ICH. ICH in diabetic individuals presents some different clinical features compared with ICH in nondiabetic patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

["Stroke code"].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Predictive clinical factors of very early in-hospital mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This study was conducted to determine clinical predictors of very early in-hospital mortality (within the first 72 h) in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Data of 184 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were obtained from consecutive stroke patients included in the prospective Barcelona Stroke Registry. Demographic, anamnestic, clinical, neurological and neuroimaging variables in the subgroup of patients who died within 72 h after the onset of symptoms were compared with those in the subgroup of patients that had survived this initial period. The independent predictive value of each variable on the development of very early death was assessed with a logistic regression analysis. Very early in-hospital death was observed in 18 patients (9.8%). These patients were significantly more likely to have progressive deficit, seizures, altered consciousness, limb weakness, sensory involvement and basal ganglia hematoma than patients without very early death. After multivariate analysis, only progressive deficit (odds ratio (OR) 6.90; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2-23.80) and limb weakness (OR 5.46; 95% CI 1.78-16.77) were independent clinical predictors of very early mortality. Progressive neurological deficit and limb weakness at the onset of stroke was independent predictive factors of very early death in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. These results further emphasize the need to establish an early etiological diagnosis and to manage these patients aggressively including early surgery in selected cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction: a multivariate analysis.

The aim of this study was to determine factors predictive of cerebral infarction subtype from clinical data collected within 48 h of neurologic deficit. All cardioembolic (n = 231) and atherothrombotic infarctions (n = 369) included in prospective stroke registry of the Sagrat Cor-Alianza Hospital of Barcelona were analysed. Demographic characteristics, anamnestic findings, cerebrovascular risk factors and clinical data of patients with embolic stroke and patients with thrombotic infarction were compared. Predictors of stroke subtype were assessed by means of a logistic regression model based on 16 clinical variables. After multivariate analysis, atrial dysrhythmia and sudden onset to maximal deficit were significant predictors of embolic stroke, whereas hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia and age were independent predictive factors of atherothrombotic stroke. Setting a cut-off point of 0.50 for predicting mechanism of stroke on admission resulted in a sensitivity of 76%, specificity of 87% and total correct classification of 83%. Clinical features alone that are observed at stroke onset can help to distinguish cardioembolic from atherothrombotic infarctions.

Cerebral Infarction↗