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Biomedical subjects

A Aro

Publications and source records attributed to A Aro.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Feeding in infancy and the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Finnish children. The 'Childhood Diabetes in Finland' Study Group.

In a case-control design the feeding in infancy of newly diagnosed 7- to 14-year-old diabetic children (n = 426) was compared with that of age- and sex-matched non-diabetic children (n = 426) randomly selected from the Finnish population registry. All 7- to 14-year-old diabetic children diagnosed from September 1986 to the end of April 1989 from all hospitals which treat diabetic children in Finland were invited to participate in the study. Breast-feeding was initiated in almost all children, but during the birth years of this study population (1972-1982), an increase was observed in the duration of breast-feeding (whether alone or in combination with supplementary feeding) and in the age of introduction of supplementary milk feeding. The risk of Type 1 diabetes was decreased in the children who were totally breast-fed for at least 2 months (odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42-0.98) or 3 months (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.95) or exclusively breast-fed for at least 2 months (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.89) or 3 months (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.93). Those children who were younger than 2 months (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08-2.18) or 3 months (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11-2.08) at the time when supplementary milk feeding was begun had an increased risk of Type 1 diabetes. These associations remained significant after adjusting for the mother's education. The results suggest that early infant feeding patterns are associated with the risk of Type 1 diabetes developing at the age of 7 to 14 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of a monounsaturated rapeseed oil and a polyunsaturated sunflower oil diet on lipoprotein levels in humans.

The effects of high oleic acid rapeseed oil compared with polyunsaturated fats on serum lipoprotein levels are largely unknown. Therefore, we fed 30 women and 29 men a baseline diet rich in saturated fat, which was followed by a diet rich in high oleic and low erucic acid rapeseed oil (total energy content of fat, 38%; saturates, 12.4%; monounsaturates, 16%; n-6 polyunsaturates, 6%; and n-3 polyunsaturates, 2%) and one rich in sunflower oil (total energy content of fat, 38%; saturates, 12.7%; monounsaturates, 10%; n-6 polyunsaturates, 13%; and n-3 polyunsaturates, 0%). The oils were incorporated into mixed natural diets that were dispensed in a random order for 3.5 weeks each in a blinded crossover design. The diet composition was confirmed by analysis of duplicate diets. Both test diets reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels from baseline, the monounsaturated rapeseed oil diet more than the polyunsaturated sunflower oil diet (TC: -15% versus -12%, p less than 0.01; LDL cholesterol: -23% versus -17%, p less than 0.01). Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and total, VLDL, and LDL triglyceride levels were lower during the sunflower oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil diet. Total high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels remained unchanged by both diets. The consumption of rapeseed oil resulted in a more favorable HDL2 to LDL cholesterol ratio (0.43 +/- 0.19 versus 0.39 +/- 0.18, p less than 0.01) and an apolipoprotein A-I to B ratio (3.0 +/- 1.4 versus 2.4 +/- 1.6, p less than 0.001) than did the sunflower oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The human selenium status in Hungary.

The selenium concentration of foods and of human blood varies widely between geographical areas depending on the availability of soil Se for plants. The mean serum Se concentration in Europe has been found to vary between 0.80-1.50 mumol/l and the mean Se concentration of wheat between 0.02-0.11 mg/kg. We estimated by various markers the Se status of Hungarians on whom data is lacking. Serum samples (n = 238) from healthy blood donors, and toenails (n = 132) and fingernails (n = 211) from different apparently healthy individuals residing in both urban and rural areas were collected from four districts in Hungary. Wheat samples (n = 29) as grains were obtained directly from farms representing the same areas. Serum Se was determined by electrothermal AAS and the other samples by acid-digestion fluorimetry. The accuracy of the methods was verified by analyzing external reference samples. The mean (+/- SD) serum Se concentration was 0.70 +/- 0.12 mumol/l, ranging between 0.41-1.18 mumol/l. The mean serum Se levels 0.87 mumol/l was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the East and lower in the South (0.60 mumol/l) compared to the northern area 0.70 mumol/l. The mean (+/- SD) toenail Se concentration was 0.56 +/- 0.18 mg/kg. The Se level in the East was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the level in the North, 0.68 mg/kg vs. 0.54 mg/kg, respectively, and lowest in the southern area, 0.40 mg/kg. The same pattern applied to fingernails. Wheat Se ranged from 5 to 235 micrograms/kg, with the median 34 micrograms/kg. The lowest Se concentrations were generally found in the South.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed1991

Selenium metabolism and platelet glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy Finnish men: effects of selenium yeast, selenite, and selenate.

The mean dietary selenium intake in Finland increased from 40 to 100 micrograms/d in 1987 because of the addition in 1985 of selenium to fertilizers. A selenium-supplementation study was performed in 1987 on the same men as were followed in a 1981 study that had a similar design (200 micrograms Se/d). Selenite and selenate, but not selenium yeast increased platelet glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity by 30% compared with placebo, much less than the 70% found in the previous study. Selenium yeast and selenite increased plasma selenium after 11 wk from 1.39 mumol/L to peak values of 2.15 and 1.58 mumol/L, respectively. Only yeast selenium was incorporated into red cells. From a regression plot based on present and literature data, it was estimated that the plasma selenium concentration needed to achieve maximal platelet GSHPx activity was 1.25-1.45 mumol/L. At the present selenium intake in Finland, 100 micrograms/d, GSHPx activity is saturated in plasma and red cells and almost saturated in platelets.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the middle-aged population of three areas in Finland.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was determined in a random sample of the population aged 45-64 years in three areas of Finland. The two-hour oral glucose tolerance test was repeated in subjects whose first test suggested abnormal glucose tolerance. In the final classification, based on the results of the two tests, the age-standardized prevalence of diabetes, according to the WHO criteria was 5.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.3-7.1) in men and 4.6% (95% CI: 3.6-5.0) in women. The prevalence of IGT was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.1-4.1) in men and 5.1% (95% CI: 3.9-6.3) in women. Among those aged 55-64 years the prevalence was 6.9% in men and 7.5% in women. The prevalence of diabetes and IGT were not different between the three areas. The age-specific mean values of fasting and two-hour blood concentrations and the 90th percentiles of the blood glucose distributions were also not different between the areas. The prevalence of IGT and diabetes increased with age more steeply among women than men. The median of fasting blood glucose did not change, but the 90th percentile increased with increasing age. The entire distribution of two-hour blood glucose shifted towards higher values with ageing, but the major increase was seen for the 95th percentile. The majority of the diabetic subjects were aware of their condition. The awareness was better among men than women.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1991

The hypercholesterolaemic factor in boiled coffee is retained by a paper filter.

In order to study the effects of filtering on the serum cholesterol-elevating effect of boiled coffee, 20 healthy volunteers consumed, in random order, 6-10 dl d-1 of strong boiled coffee (BC) and similarly boiled coffee that had been passed through a conventional paper filter (BFC), for periods of 4 weeks in a crossover design. During periods of BC consumption serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels (P less than 0.05), as well as serum triglyceride and apoprotein B concentrations and the LDL/HDL ratio (P less than 0.01), were significantly higher than during BFC periods. Serum HDL-cholesterol and apoprotein A-I levels remained unchanged. Filtering removed more than 80% of the lipid-soluble substance that was present in boiled coffee. The results indicate that the hypercholesterolaemic factor in boiled coffee, which is presumably lipid-soluble, is retained by the paper filter. They also suggest that boiling is not essential for the previously observed difference between the effects on serum lipoproteins of boiled coffee and filtered coffee.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Infant feeding in Finnish children less than 7 yr of age with newly diagnosed IDDM. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: We studied associations between the type of feeding in infancy and the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 103 newly diagnosed diabetic children less than 7 yr of age and 103 age- and sex-matched population-based control children in a countrywide study. RESULTS: The risk of IDDM was decreased (P less than 0.05) among children breast-fed for at least 7 mo (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-0.85) or exclusively breast-fed for at least 3 (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.84) or 4 (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84) mo. Also, children who were greater than or equal to 4 mo old at the time of introduction of supplementary milk feeding had a lower risk of diabetes (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: The protective effects of a long duration of breast-feeding and a late introduction of dairy products on the risk of IDDM remained significant after adjusting for the mother's education.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1990

Dose-dependent effect on serum cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations by consumption of boiled, non-filtered coffee.

The effects of boiled coffee (BC) and filtered coffee (FC) on serum lipoproteins were compared in 41 healthy subjects whose serum cholesterol concentration was less than 7 mmol/l. The subjects consumed in random order BC and FC for 4-week periods in a crossover design. The individual daily consumption ranged from 2 to 14 cups (mean 5.7 cups per day) and was similar during both study periods. The serum total and LDL-cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations were higher (P less than 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol lower (P less than 0.05) after BC than after FC. Bodyweight, apoprotein A-I and triglycerides remained unchanged. In the 16 subjects who consumed coffee less than 5 cups per day the difference in serum total cholesterol between the BC and FC periods was non-significant (P = 0.16). The differences in serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol between the periods showed significant linear correlations with the amount of coffee consumed daily (r = 0.52, P less than 0.001 and r = 0.33, P less than 0.05, respectively) but no association was found between the difference in HDL-cholesterol and the amount of coffee (r = 0.14, P = 0.39). The results indicate a dose-dependent increasing effect on serum total and LDL-cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations of boiled coffee.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters in different degrees of glucose intolerance: a population-based study.

The fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters was investigated in 325 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 97 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 98 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) identified by population-based screening. The proportions of palmitic acid (16:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) in serum cholesterol esters increased from the normal glucose tolerance group to the IGT and diabetic groups. On the other hand, the proportion of linoleic acid (18:2) was lower in diabetic subjects than in the subjects with IGT or normal glucose tolerance. The proportions of gamma-linolenic (18:3), dihomo-gamma-linoleic (20:3), and arachidonic (20:4) acids were highest in diabetic subjects and lowest in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Our findings suggest that subjects with NIDDM or IGT have had higher dietary intake of saturated fatty acids. Both serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations probably have an effect on the elongation and desaturation of fatty acids, but the metabolism of linoleic acid to prostaglandin precursors seems to be different in different types of diabetes, NIDDM patients showing no abnormalities. The possibility that the fatty acid composition of plasma and membrane lipids has a role in insulin resistance and blood glucose regulation deserves further investigation.

Cholesterol Esters↗
PubMed1990

Consumption of boiled coffee is correlated with serum cholesterol in Finland.

The association between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol concentration was studied in a cross-sectional epidemiological study among 5704 men and women in Finland. The mean serum cholesterol values of those consuming boiled coffee (24% of the subjects) was significantly higher than that of drinkers of filtered coffee (69% of the subjects) in both sexes after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, index of saturated fat intake, and physical activity: in men 6.37 versus 6.02 mmol/l, in women 6.22 versus 5.84 mmol/l, both significant at p less than 0.001. A significant dose-dependent effect was observed between the consumption of boiled coffee both in men and in women. For filter coffee drinkers a weak coffee dose-cholesterol association was found only for women. The magnitude of the effect of boiled coffee, 0.3-0.4 mmol/l in serum cholesterol values, is in accordance with the results from controlled trials carried out among both hyper- and normocholesterolaemic subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cholesterol lowering effect of metformin in combined hyperlipidemia: placebo controlled double blind trial.

Metformin, an antidiabetic biguanide derivative, prevents experimental atherosclerosis and induces structural changes in lipoproteins in experimental animals. In the present study we investigated the effect of metformin on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in 24 non-diabetic patients with type II B hyperlipidemia. The patients were randomly given metformin in two dosage levels (1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day) and placebo for periods of nine weeks in a crossover trial. Metformin caused a dose dependent fall in the concentrations of total serum cholesterol and of LDL-cholesterol. The average concentration of total cholesterol was 8.54 +/- 0.22 (SE) mmol/l, 8.12 +/- 0.19 mmol/l and 7.79 +/- 0.15 mmol/l during placebo, metformin 1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day treatments, respectively. Both metformin values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from the placebo value. Thus there was an average fall of 8.1% in total cholesterol after the higher metformin dose. LDL-cholesterol was 5.25 +/- 0.23 mmol/l after placebo, falling by 3.1% and 9.6% after metformin doses of 1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day, respectively. The concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and total serum triglycerides showed no significant changes. Body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, blood lactate, platelet function and urinary excretion of prostanoids remained unchanged during the study. The reduction of total- and LDL-cholesterol levels may be a welcome additional consequence of metformin during treatment of diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Oral ofloxacin once daily and doxycycline in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

192 patients, most of them ambulatory, with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were treated with 10- to 14-day courses of oral ofloxacin receiving 400 mg once daily or doxycycline first 200 mg and then 100 mg once daily in this randomized observer-blinded multicentre study. 98 patients were included in the ofloxacin group and 94 in the doxycycline group. The clinical efficacy was 86/87 (98.8%) in the ofloxacin group and 87/91 (91.2%) in the doxycycline group. The bacteriological efficacy was 31/34 (91.2%) in the ofloxacin group and 19/24 (79.2%) in the doxycycline group. Some patients had more than one pathogen. There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the two treatment groups; both treatments were highly effective and well tolerated. The adverse events showed an expected pattern. Ofloxacin treatment was discontinued in three patients. In conclusion, both treatments were found to have similar safety and efficacy and were well tolerated when used for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in Finland.

Twenty-four patients with biguanide-induced lactic acidosis were reported to the Adverse Drug Reaction Register of the Finnish National Board of Health from 1974-1977. Of them, 23 had been treated with phenformin and one with metformin. The mean age of the patients was 71 years, and all but one were more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate was 63%. One patient had cirrhosis of the liver and one was already known tohave had impaired renal function. Fourteen of the patients had a normal serum creatinine concentration either before or after the development of lactic acidosis. Thus, in most patients it had not been possible to prevent development of lactic acidosis by observing the contraindications to biguanide therapy. Most patients had some form of co-existing cardiovascular disease. Tetracycline therapy was a probable precipitating factor in three cases. Based on the statistics of biguanide consumption in Finland, the annual incidence of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in 1976 and 1977 was between 1/2000 and 1/3000 and that of fatal lactic acidosis was 1/4000.

Acidosis↗