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Biomedical subjects

A Baskerville

Publications and source records attributed to A Baskerville.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Phenotypic analysis of malignant lymphoma in simian immunodeficiency virus infection using anti-human antibodies.

Primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) develop a condition similar to the human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The close resemblance between the simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and the human disease has led to the widespread use of SIV-infected monkeys as an animal model in the study of acquired immunodeficiency. We have investigated the use of standard anti-human antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from monkeys with SAIDS. With the exception of antibodies UCHL1 (CD45RO), MT1 (CD43), 4KB5 (CD45RA), and Ber H2 (CD30), our routine (human) lymphoma panel of markers worked successfully on the animal tissues. Using the anti-human antibodies, we were able to analyse the phenotypes of two cases of malignant lymphoma arising in a study group of 26 SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Both of the cases stained with the antibodies WR16 (CD45RA) and L26 (CD20), and the B-cell lineage of the lymphomas was confirmed by the detection of IgA lambda immunoglobulin expression in one case, and IgM heavy chain in the other. We therefore report the successful use of anti-human antibodies in the immunohistochemical analysis of lymphomas arising in non-human primates infected with SIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Chronic pancreatitis and biliary fibrosis associated with cryptosporidiosis in simian AIDS.

Two Rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus for 15 and 24 months developed generalized oedema and one became jaundiced. At necropsy, the liver and pancreas were hard and irregular and the gall bladder was thickened. Histopathological examination showed extensive fibrosis of the pancreas, loss of exocrine acini and marked proliferation of ductules. Numerous cryptosporidia were present on the duct epithelium. The liver of both animals had widespread cirrhosis, bile duct proliferation and cholangitis. Cryptosporidia were found in many bile ducts and on the hyperplastic gall bladder epithelium. Lymph nodes and spleen of both animals showed depletion of cortical and paracortical elements characteristic of advanced immunodeficiency virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The influence of age on the response of SPF hens to infection with Salmonella enteritidis PT4.

When Specific Pathogen-Free hens were infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by direct administration into the crop, the age of the bird at infection was found to have an effect on both pathogenesis and antibody response. Birds at 20 weeks of age showed no adverse signs and developed high titres of antibodies of the IgM class, while those which were 1 year old at infection developed relatively little antibody and had acute septicaemia, with 6 of 10 birds either dying or having to be humanely destroyed. The implication of these results for the control of salmonella infections in poultry is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) antibody response and virus shedding in experimental primary infection of cynomolgus monkeys.

Four cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were inoculated in the lips and tongues with B virus. Virus shedding and antibody responses were monitored for up to 50 days postinfection. Virus was isolated from the oral cavities of all monkeys at 6 days postinfection despite the absence of observable lesions. Virus was not isolated from genital swabs or serum. Antibodies to both B virus and herpes simplex virus were detected by neutralization between days 8 and 12. Virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were measured by antibody capture radioimmunoassay. IgM was first detected on day 6; by contrast, IgG did not appear until day 12. Antibodies reactive in a competitive radioimmunoassay appeared by day 12 and peaked at 30 to 40 days postinfection. This study provides data on which to base the diagnosis of primary B virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ability of a mutagenized virus variant to protect young lambs from Rift Valley fever.

A live attenuated vaccine virus variant of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus was developed by passaging a human isolate in tissue culture under the influence of the mutagen 5-fluorouracil. This virus variant (MV P12) has been assessed in this study as to its suitability as a vaccine, by testing its pathogenicity in young lambs and measuring its ability to induce a protective immune response. Even high doses of the vaccine virus failed to induce any of the clinical or histopathologic changes associated with classical RVF virus infection. Although the vaccine induced mild pyrexia when given in high doses, viremia was not induced. Neutralizing antibody and a protective immune response was elicited with even low doses of vaccine virus. These data, along with data of other workers on the lack of abortigenicity of this virus variant, indicate that the MV P12 variant of RVF virus is an excellent candidate for a safe and effective vaccine against RVF.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Histopathological changes in simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

The histological lesions were studied in seven rhesus and three cynomolgus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus for periods ranging from nine weeks to 18 months. Lymphoreticular changes included hyperplasia, follicular involution and depletion, and one animal had amyloidosis of the spleen. Hyperplastic changes also took place in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and infiltrations occurred in the vaginal mucosa of one animal, which could be significant in sexual transmission of the infection. The range of opportunistic infections was small compared with that in human AIDS patients, although two monkeys had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Enterocolitis was a common finding and brown adipose tissue was transformed into a large vacuolated type. Lesions of the central nervous system were found in five of nine monkeys, and consisted of foci of glial activity and perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic infiltration. A lymphoma involving the lumbar spinal cord developed in one animal.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1990

The use of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Simian immunodeficiency virus in experimentally infected macaques.

A rapid, non-radioactive assay for the detection of proviral Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in tissue-culture cells is described. The assay is based on the co-amplification of the SIV env and gag genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When the gag PCR product is blotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridised to a radioactive oligonucleotide probe, the assay can also be used to detect the SIV gag gene in DNA isolated directly from experimentally infected cynomolgus macaque lymphocytes. This provides a valuable assay for the presence of proviral SIV during animal trials of AIDS vaccines and chemotherapeutics.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Serological response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection.

Fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, were examined for antibodies to S. enteritidis. Using the techniques of immunoblotting and ELISA, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. enteritidis were detected in 43 of 58 sera. Antibodies were of the IgG class and bound to the S. enteritidis LPS antigen O = 12. Bacterial agglutination reactions using whole-cell preparations of S. enteritidis and S. pullorum, correlated with anti-LPS antibody reactions as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA. A rapid means of screening chicken sera for antibodies to the LPS of S. enteritidis as an indicator of infection is discussed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of guinea pigs infected with Legionella pneumophila by aerosol.

Azithromycin and erythromycin were compared for efficacy in guinea pigs infected with an aerosol containing Legionella pneumophila. When administered intraperitoneally, azithromycin was very effective in the treatment of experimental Legionnaires' disease. Even at the low dose of 3.6 mg/kg/day it gave 100% survival and eliminated lung infectivity two days following infection. In contrast, erythromycin at a much higher dose (96 mg/kg/day) gave only 83.3% survival and failed to eliminate organisms from the lung six days after infection. The histological findings confirmed the superiority of azithromycin. A single dose of azithromycin given intraperitoneally at 3.6 or 14.4 mg/kg gave survival rates of 83.3 and 100%, respectively. Azithromycin was also found to be superior to erythromycin in eliminating lung infectivity and reducing mortality, when administered orally. However, oral administration of azithromycin was not as effective as intraperitoneal when assessed by lung histopathology, although it was still superior to oral erythromycin treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Bacterial infection (Legionella pneumophila) stimulates fever, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue activity in the guinea pig.

The objective of this study was to assess whether bacterial infection stimulates oxygen consumption and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Guinea pigs infected with Legionella pneumophila showed marked fever and a significant (33%) increase in resting oxygen consumption (VO2), 24h after infection. At this time, food intake and body weight were normal and the in vitro thermogenic activity of BAT taken from infected animals was elevated by 64% above that of control guinea pigs. VO2 and BAT activity fell to control values by 48h as infected animals became moribund and over this period food intake was markedly reduced.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

The effect of titanium dioxide inhalation on the pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in the mouse.

Four inhalation exposure chambers were designed and built in which up to 80 mice per chamber could be accommodated. Exposure for several weeks to an inert inorganic particulate aerosol of titanium dioxide at a respirable aerosol concentration of 20 mg m-3 impaired the clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in proportion to the duration of exposure. Other groups exposed to a lower respirable concentration of 2 mg m-3 exhibited similar clearance rates relative to mice maintained in clean air. A recovery experiment showed that inhalation of TiO2 at 20 mg m-3 for 10 days impaired bacterial clearance at least 10 days after cessation of exposure to TiO2.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1989

Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from the contents of intact eggs: a study involving naturally infected hens.

Two small flocks of egg-laying hens, naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis, were housed in individual cages so that their eggs could be identified. During a longitudinal study where the contents of 1,119 eggs were examined, 11 were positive for S. enteritidis. One isolate was phage type (PT) 33 the others were PT4. The production of infected eggs was clustered though intermittent. The positive eggs, which were produced by 10 of the 35 hens, were all found to contain fewer than 10 salmonellas. Some birds were also apparently carrying S. hadar PT14 as this organism was isolated from the contents of six cracked eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Inoculation of New World primates with the human immunodeficiency virus.

The susceptibility of common marmosets and cotton-top tamarins to infection by HIV-2 in vivo was tested. One year and 19 months, respectively, post-inoculation, sera taken from three of four animals from each species are reactive for HIV-2 antibodies and HIV-specific nucleotide sequences were demonstrated in short-term cultures of PBL from two cotton-top tamarins. The animals remain in good health.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

The effect of ofloxacin on the intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila in guinea pig alveolar phagocytes.

Ofloxacin was evaluated as an antibiotic for possible use in the therapy of Legionnaires' disease in relation to its ability to penetrate alveolar phagocytes and inhibit Legionella pneumophila intracellular replication. A comparison with two other antibiotics used in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, was also made. Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic, eliminating viable L. pneumophila from alveolar phagocytes at 0.001 mg/l. This was followed by ciprofloxacin, eliminating intracellular organisms at 0.01 mg/l. Erythromycin was shown to be much less effective, requiring a much higher concentration, of 0.1 mg/l. All three antibiotics had approximately similar MIC values and the considerable differences in intracellular penetration shown by these antibiotics indicate how discrepancies between in-vitro and in-vivo estimates of efficacy can occur.

Animals↗