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Biomedical subjects

A Baskerville

Publications and source records attributed to A Baskerville.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Experimental infection of Rhesus monkeys with a human strain of Campylobacter jejuni.

Young Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were infected orally with a human strain of Campylobacter jejuni. The disease induced was mild, with inappetence and diarrhoea of short duration, but prolonged intermittent excretion of the bacteria in the faeces occurred. Bacteraemia was generally present for 2--3 days and later the organisms localized in the liver and gall bladder. Recovered animals, when challenged with the same strain, showed no clinical symptoms, no bacteraemia, and excreted the organisms in the faeces for only 3 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pneumonia of pigs: a review.

Pneumonia of pigs is one of the more important disease factors limiting pig production. Of the varieties of pneumonia affecting this species enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma spp. is the most common and most important. The major effects of this disease are lowered food conversion ratio and poor weight gain. Deaths are usually the result of secondary infection by necrotising, pus-forming bacteria. Eradication of the disease is expensive and requires depopulation and restocking. Control and treatment by antimicrobial agents is most effective if the drug combination used takes regard of the bacteria complicating the disease on any particular property. Other forms of pneumonia such as those caused by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, Salmonella cholerae-suis and Aujeszky's disease virus can be important on individual farms. The role of other agents such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and adenoviruses in respiratory disease of pigs remain to be clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Mechanisms of infection in the respiratory tract.

Related to its potential vulnerability the respiratory tract has a very complex and effective defence apparatus. The interaction between these defence mechanisms and certain characteristics of aetiological agents results in a pattern in which initial infections by these agents tend to occur at specific sites in the tract. Infections in which the primary portal of entry is in the upper respiratory tract include Bordetella bronchiseptica and Haemophilus spp in pigs; Pasteurella spp in cattle, sheep, pigs; Mycoplasma spp in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry; equine herpesvirus 1 in horses; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle; parainfluenza 3 in cattle and sheep; infectious laryngo-tracheitis and infectious bronchitis in poultry; feline viral rhinotracheitis and calicivirus in cats; Aujeszky's disease virus and swine influenza in pigs; and equine influenza in horses. Infections in which the primary portal of entry is in the lower respiratory tract include Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry and mammals, respiratory syncytial virus in cattle, distemper virus in dogs and adenovirus in cattle and dogs. A fuller understanding of the interactions between an agent and the host at the point of entry would make it much easier to develop effective vaccines and therapeutic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Diagnostic methods in infectious respiratory disease.

For laboratory diagnosis of respiratory disease it is of overwhelming importance that the specimens taken are adequate, taken from the correct site and at the correct time. The lower regions of the respiratory tract are particularly difficult to sample but are more likely to yield the causative agent of a pneumonia. Infections involving the upper respiratory tract are much easier to sample and appropriate aspiration apparatus can be used. Consideration must be given to the timing of sample collection in relation to the life cycle of the causative micro-organism. Sampling of several animals is recommended. Diagnosis may be achieved by isolation in culture of the causative agent or the demonstration of the agent by indirect methods such as electron microscopy and ELISA. Clinical biochemical tests may reflect systemic metabolic changes induced by microbial infections and give an indication of the severity of the disease and its prognosis. Pulmonary function tests have limited application in animals and are only likely to be used under experimental conditions and in horses and small animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai: histopathological studies.

Necropsies were carried out on two patients who died of Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever (C-CHF) in Dubai. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of C-CHF virus from the liver. Histopathological changes included extensive cellular necrosis and haemorrhage in the liver, necrosis and lymphoid depletion in the spleen, congestion and oedema formation in the lungs, and haemorrhage in a number of other organs.

Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean↗
PubMed1981

Some normal clinical chemistry values for cerebrospinal fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The concentrations of many components of the cerebrospinal fluid are much lower than in serum. Values for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are similar to those in other primates. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (18.7 U/1), creatine phosphokinase (9.9 U/1), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (13.7 U/1), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (9.2 U/1), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (3.1 U/1), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (33.0 U/1, lactate dehydrogenase (47.2 U/1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (3.9 U/1), and levels of zinc (1.0 mu g/dl), copper (2.6 mu g/dl), iron (35.9 mu g/dl) and triglycerides (33.2 mu g/dl) have not previously been reported for this species. Values for free amino acids, total protein, creatinine and urea nitrogen are compared with those of other primates. The use of gradient pore polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysing proteins of CSF is described.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Aujeszky's disease in the guinea pig: cellular and humoral responses following immunization.

The fatal disease caused by virulent ADV in guinea pigs was found to be identical to that seen in sheep and cattle. Intramuscular (i.m.) injection of an avirulent strain of ADV (Bartha) yielded better immunity to challenge after 3 weeks than did intranasal (i.n.) immunization, and this was reflected in differences in histopathological changes in the brain. Serum antibodies active in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were titrated using polymorphonuclear leukocytes as effector cells. ADCC correlated fairly well with virus neutralization and was a far more sensitive technique. There was good, but not complete, correlation between ADCC and protection. Lymphocyte responsiveness to virus antigens in vitro was assessed by 3H-thymidine uptake and lympholine tests. Lymphocyte stimulation and mitogenic factor responses were low grade but blood lymphocyte stimulation was more pronounced in the better-protected animals. Macrophage migration inhibition correlated neither with serum ADCC nor with protection, being equally demonstrable in the two immunized groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Metabolic sequelae of experimental leptospirosis in grivet monkeys.

Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi both induced mild subclinical infections in grivet monkeys. The activities in serum of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase and the level of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin increased in a few days after infection. Concomitant decreases in serum iron levels were observed in some cases. These changes occurred in the absence of any observable clinical signs though there were histopathological lesions in some organs. No haematological changes or alterations in other sreum components were detected.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1980

Pathological features of glutaminase toxicity.

In an investigation of the toxicity of the anti-tumour enzyme glutaminase Rhesus monkeys, marmosets, rabbits and mice were given various doses of chemically modified glutaminase parenterally. The enzyme induced diarrhoea and dysentery and at all but the lowest doses caused illness which was fatal within 10 days. Pathological lesions produced were hepatic lipidosis and glycogen accumulation, and, in the primates, acute necrotizing colitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Clinical biochemical aspects of glutaminase toxicity in rabbits and Rhesus monkeys.

Treatment with a chemically modified glutaminase was lethal to rabbits and Rhesus monkeys at all but the lowest doses. Changes in the serum levels of triglycerides, glucose, creatinine, urea, cholesterol and protein and in the activities of some serum enzymes were the probable result of the development of lesions in liver, kidney and intestine observed at necropsy. Treatment with unmodified glutaminase induced similar changes in rabbits but not in Rhesus monkeys.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in Aujeszky's disease.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied using as targets 51Cr-labelled Vero cells infected with the Bartha strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). Using hyperimmune anti-ADV serum to sensitize the targets, porcine leukocytes from dextran-sedimented blood were found to be efficient effector cells yielding maximal 51Cr release by 16 hours. Whilst complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody could be demonstrated no enhancement of ADCC by complement was found. The sera of pigs vaccinated i.m. with Bartha virus were titrated in ADCC using leukocytes as effector cells and the results compared with those obtained by virus neutralization. ADCC proved to be a much more sensitive technique and might, therefore, provide the basis for a reliable diagnostic test. Partially purified lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from blood and peritoneal exudates, and macrophages from exudates were found to mediate ADCC with hyperimmune serum, but differences were observed in the efficiency and timing of their cytotoxic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The responses of nude-athymic mice to nominally avirulent togavirus infections.

Following intraperitoneal infection by an avirulent strain of Semliki Forest virus, athymic nude mice showed almost normal clearance of viraemia and a transitory peak of antibody activity at 5 to 9 days which fell to less than about 0.1% of the normal antibody activity from the 14th day. When nude mice received a transfer of normal spleen cells from sex-matched litter mates at 1 day before infection, a pattern of high and continous antibody synthesis was established for at least the following 7 weeks. This clear T-cell dependence of the regulation of serum antibody synthesis was unrelated to the development of regulatory (pre-challenge) or protective (post-challenge) immunity since, particularly for female nude mice, up to 60% were benignly and protectively infected in the absence of detectable antibody activity. The brains of such nude mice showed persistence of infectivity for at least 7 weeks at 10 to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after avirulent infection and at about 10(3) to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after virulent challenge. The prior transfer of normal spleen cells to nude mice enabled them to clear brain infectivity as efficiently as normal mice. These results are discussed in terms of the evident interplay of both T-lymphocyte dependent and T-lymphocyte independent functions in the control of brain infectivity, in the expression of virulence and in the stimulation of regulatory and protective immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Normal values for some whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Normal values for a number of blood components of grivet monkeys are reported. Haematological data and values for glucose, cholesterol and urea are similar to those of rhesus monkeys. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (1526 U/l), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (30.9 U/l), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (13.7 U/l), lactate dehydrogenase (629 U/l), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (175 U/l), creatine phosphokinase (227 U/l), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (38.7 U/l) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (14.2 U/l), and levels of lysozyme (178 mg/dl), zinc (162 microgram/dl), copper (81.3 microgram/dl) and iron (296.5 microgram/dl) have not previously been reported for this animal. Values for serum amino acids, proteins, electrolytes, triglycerides and creatinine are compared with those of other primates.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

The pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in monkeys.

Six rhesus and two vervet monkeys were infected intraperitoneally with Ebola virus. They developed an acute haemorrhagic fever with skin rash 4 days later and died 6--12 days after infection. Histopathological lesions of acute necrosis were present in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and testes. The presence of fibrin thrombi in several organs was suggestive of the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during the infection.

Animals↗