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Biomedical subjects

A Baum

Publications and source records attributed to A Baum.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Unemployment stress: loss of control, reactance and learned helplessness.

The present study was concerned with stress-related consequences of unemployment and the behavioral changes related to this experience of control loss. Subjects were sampled along a continuum of time since unemployment, including a control group of employed subjects. Results indicated evidence of stress responding among the unemployed subjects, measured as increased levels of urinary catecholamines and behavioral performance deficits. Further evidence is presented which analyzes subjects' attributions and behaviors in terms of the theories of reactance and learned helplessness. Results support a biphasic response to loss of control with reactance manifested at early stages of control loss and learned helplessness at later stages.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Toward an integrative approach to the study of stress.

Stress and coping are considered as part of a process involving environmental events, psychosocial processes, and physiological response. The concept of stress as well as approaches to its study are discussed. Links between coping and perceived control are described, and measurement approaches are evaluated. The usefulness of integrated approaches to the study of stress, emphasizing expansion of both conceptual and methodological perspectives, is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Behavioral and biochemical effects of job loss and unemployment stress.

Previous research on the effects of unemployment has focused upon both anticipation of job loss and long-term unemployment, typically using self-report and some biochemical measures of response to unemployment stress. The present study was concerned with behavioral and biochemical responses to unemployment. It was also designed to examine a somewhat different time course of unemployment than has been used in previous work. Results indicated that stress accompanies unemployment; looking at people who had been unemployed for up to four months, those who had been unemployed for greater lengths of time performed more poorly on a behavioral task and exhibited higher levels of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine than did persons unemployed for shorter time periods or subjects who were employed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Extravasation in ureteral tumours.

Extravasation of contrast medium following retrograde pyelography may occur when excessive pressure is used during injection of the contrast medium, direct trauma during manipulation of the ureteral catheter or pre-existing ureteral disease. Extravasation of contrast medium occurring in a ureteral tumour is rare. A case where extravasation of contrast medium was observed during retrograde pyelography due to extensive invasion of the ureter by a primary ureteral tumour is reported.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Mediating influences of social support on stress at Three Mile Island.

Symptom reporting, task performance, and urinary catecholamine excretion were studied in a group of people living near the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant and in control populations. More than a year after the accident, living near the damaged reactor was associated with elevations in all indices of stress compared with control levels. Social support mediated these stress indices such that higher levels were associated with fewer psychological and behavioral symptoms of stress. Biochemical measures showed a different pattern of results.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Type of information, familiarity and the reduction of crowding stress.

Two studies focused on the effectiveness of various types of information in different contexts. Two informational foci (i.e., external and internal) were employed, and subjects were either familiar or unfamiliar with a potentially stressful setting. It was assumed that one's degree of familiarity with the context would render different types of concerns more salient and that these would more effectively be met by one type of information than by the other. In the first experiment, it was hypothesized and found that situational information was more effective than emotional information for unfamiliar subjects, whose primary concerns in the setting were external. In contrast, emotional information was effective in reducing stress and facilitating performance for familiar subjects, whose concerns were primarily internal; but situational information was also effective for these individuals. Study 2 was done to explore why situational information was effective in reducing stress for both familiar and unfamiliar individuals. The results indicated that situational information, if accurate, not only can serve a reinforcing "consensual validation" function that addresses people's general concerns about the "reasonableness" of their responses but can also reduce distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

Reducing the stress of high-density living: an architectural intervention.

The present study assesses the effects of an architectural intervention on residential crowding stress and poststressor effects. Residents of long-corridor, short-corridor, and long-corridor-intervention dormitory floors were surveyed and social behavior and space use patterns were systematically observed over a 3-month period. As predicted, although students living in the three environments were initially comparable, residents of the long-corridor floor (40 residents sharing space) reported more crowding and residential social problems over time, whereas short-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) and modified long-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) reported fewer of these problems. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of crowding in which architectural features of interior spaces are associated with space use patterns that facilitate or inhibit informal group development and regulation of the frequency of interaction and the amount of privacy. These conditions, in turn, are related to stress and stresslike symptoms.

Architecture↗
PubMed1980

Assessment of Preferences for self-treatment and information in health care.

It has been assumed that it is beneficial for patients to become active and informed participants in health care. Previous research, however, suggests that individuals differ in their receptiveness to information and self-care in treatment stiuations. This article reports the development and validation of the Krantz Health Opinion Survey, a measure of preferences for different treatment approaches. This measure yields a total score and two relatively independent subscales that measure, respectively, preferences for information and for behavioral involvement (i.e., self-care and active participation) in medical care. Three related studies demonstrated the ability of the subscales or total score to predict with some specificity (a) criterion group membership (clinic users and enrollees in a self-care course), (b) reported use of clinic facilities, and (c) overt behavior (e.g., inquisitiveness, self-diagnosis) in a medical setting. Discriminant validity of the instrument is also established. Theoretical implications of the preference constructs are described in terms of the concept of personal control, and practical implications of the measure are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Waiting for a crowd: the behavioral and perceptual effects of anticipated crowding.

An experiment was conducted in which subjects were convinced that crowding was imminent. It was hypothesized that the arousal of expectations of crowding would cause subjects to behave in ways suggesting that they were preparing for the experience of crowding by taking steps to reduce the impact of crowding before its onset. Similarly, it was predicted that anticipation of crowding would influence subject perceptions of the experimental room, interpersonal affect, and general levels of discomfort. Data collected indicated that these predictions were accurate; subjects anticipating crowding chose more socially isolated seat positions, avoided contact with others, experienced crowding and discomfort, and rated others in the setting as well as the room in ways generally consistent with definitions of crowding.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absorption of di- and tripeptides by the intestine of the guinea-pig.

This paper describes a method of quantifying the amount of smaller peptides in physiological fluids and reports the preliminary results of studying the mesenteric blood of adult guinea-pigs during absorption of a partial hydrolysate of casein. Because of the different roles suggested for plasma and erythrocytes in the inter-organ transport of amino acids, both plasma and whole blood have been studied. Whole blood and plasma samples were deproteinized with sulphosalicylic acid, and amino acids and small peptides separated from residual small amounts of protein on a Sephadex G-25 column. Ion exchange chromatography was then performed before and after acid hydrolysis. The concentration of small peptides in blood seems to be much lower than was previously believed. The adult guinea-pig did not absorb small peptides across the intestine into mesenteric whole blood or plasma in our experiments. However, casein hydrolysates are not necessarily representative of all protein hydrolysates, and further studies are required using different proteins and varying degrees of hydrolysis. The possibility of peptide transfer during development, and in conditions involving mucosal damage, should also be investigated. The present investigation confirms the assumption that predominantly plasma, and not red blood corpuscles, carries amino acids from the gut to the liver. It is worth noting, however, that taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, citrulline and arginine were found in higher concentrations in whole mesenteric blood than in plasma.

Amino Acids↗