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Biomedical subjects

A Bergman

Publications and source records attributed to A Bergman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Antibiotic prophylaxis following lower urinary tract instrumentation.

The value of routine antibiotic prophylaxis was assessed in 362 women undergoing lower urinary tract instrumentation. A three-day course of a once-a-day dose of 1 g of cefadroxil was compared with a three-day course of 100 mg of nitrofurantoin three times a day, in a randomized investigator blinded placebo controlled study. Both study drugs were significantly more effective in preventing postinstrumentation urinary tract infections than placebo (p less than 0.003). Differences in efficacy between the two test drugs were not significant; however, side effects in the nitrofurantoin group were more frequent and severe than those in the cefadroxil group. Cefadroxil also offered the advantage of a once-daily dosing schedule.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Adrenocortical toxicity of 3-methylsulphonyl-DDE; 3: Studies in fetal and suckling mice.

Irreversible binding and toxicity of the DDT metabolite 3-methylsulphonyl-DDE (MeSO2-DDE) were examined in fetuses and suckling pups following administration to pregnant or lactating C57Bl mice. Tape-section autoradiography showed a high and tissue-specific accumulation and binding of MeSO2-DDE-14C-derived radioactivity in the late gestational fetal adrenal cortex. According to microautoradiography an irreversibly bound residue was confined to the zona fasciculata. Similarly, there was a high concentration of irreversibly bound 14C-labelled material in the adrenal zona fasciculata of suckling pups. Intraperitoneal injection of MeSO2-DDE-14C to lactating mice resulted in higher concentrations of radioactivity in the liver and stomach contents (milk) of the suckling pups than in the maternal liver. This treatment also resulted in a higher level of radioactivity in the adrenals of the pups than in the maternal adrenals, both at a subtoxic and at a toxic dose. Histopathologic examination of adrenals from suckling pups revealed extensive vacuolation and necrosis of the zona fasciculata 2 days following a single dose of MeSO2-DDE (25 mg/kg) to the dam. In the fetal adrenal zona fasciculata, slight degenerative changes were observed following a maternal dose of 50 mg/kg. In conclusion, the study shows that MeSO2-DDE is a highly tissue-specific toxicant to the fetal and postnatal adrenal zona fasciculata in mice. Based on the present data and on previous results in adult mice, we propose that a tissue-specific activation to a reactive metabolite in the fetal and postnatal adrenal cortex is mediated by cytochrome P-450 (11 beta).

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1992

Advancing social work practice in the health field: a collaborative research partnership.

This article describes and analyzes the development of a collaborative research model by one university faculty of social work and 10 health care settings. Established working relationships for educating students were the foundation of a research partnership formed to study questions of mutual interest. This article discusses the developmental stage of the research consortium, including needs assessment, workshop, identification of a common theme and research topic, preliminary funding, and literature review. This stage resulted in the decision to develop and test an instrument to screen for high social risk that would be capable of identifying the need for social work involvement with families to provide effective and efficient management of patients. The Delphi methodology was chosen in the first phase of the research design, and reasons for the choice of this methodology, the results from the two Delphi rounds, and a preliminary screening instrument are presented. Finally, issues in collaboration, such as institutional factors, dynamics of the working group, and leadership roles, are analyzed to identify facilitating features and problematic issues in such partnerships.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1992

The modified Pereyra procedure: a clinical and urodynamic review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical and urodynamic outcome of treatment by the modified Pereyra procedure in 93 women with genuine stress incontinence. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Harbor/UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles County Women's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and urodynamic assessment one year after modified Pereyra procedure. RESULTS: Overall 82% of patients were subjectively cured while only 63% were objectively cured. Women with failed surgery had significantly lower pre-operative maximum urethral closure pressures. The procedure had a low operative and postoperative morbidity with no significant disturbance of voiding function noted at one year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our results with the modified Pereyra procedure for stress incontinence showed a significantly lower success rate than has been reported from many previous studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Enrichment of metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of cod (Gadus morhua) following oral administration of hexachlorobenzene and 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl.

The disposition of 14C-labelled hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl (triCB) was studied in cod (Gadus morhua) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For both compounds tape section autoradiography revealed substantial amounts of radiolabelled material in the central nervous system (CNS) of cod, whereas only traces of radioactivity were observed in the CNS of rainbow trout. Furthermore, an enrichment of radiolabelled compound in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was observed in the cod, whereas no radioactivity could be detected in the CSF of rainbow trout. According to autoradiography, the CNS of cod dosed with HCB contained the parent compound, whereas the major part of radioactivity in CSF was due to HCB metabolites. Thin-layer chromatography of extracts from cod dosed with triCB showed the presence of parent compound in the CNS, whereas part of the radioactivity in the CSF was due to triCB metabolites. The activities of cytochrome P-450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in the CNS of cod and rainbow trout were determined in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Both species expressed activities which were in the same order of magnitude as those reported for the corresponding fractions from rat brain. Incubation of triCB with cod brain mitochondria and microsomes resulted in the formation of two polar metabolites. It is suggested that cod may be more vulnerable than rainbow trout regarding neurotoxicological effects of HCB, triCB and related environmental pollutants.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Metabolism of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in rats: examination of thiol formation.

1. More than 60% of oral doses of 14C-1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (ca. 21 mg/kg) administered to rats were excreted in bile as S-trichlorophenyl-mercapturic acid pathway metabolites. 2. The biliary metabolites were ultimately excreted in urine mainly as the isomeric mercapturic acids. 3. An acetylated glutathione conjugate was isolated as a major metabolite in bile (8% dose). The acetyl group was shown by mass spectrometry to be on the glutamyl moiety. 4. A glutamylcysteine conjugate of trichlorobenzene was also isolated from bile as a major metabolite (8% dose). 5. Trichlorothiophenols were deduced not to be intermediates or end-products of enzymic metabolism of trichlorobenzene in rats because 14C-2,4,5-trichlorothiophenol dosed i.p. to rats was excreted as the S-glucuronide (17% dose) and as S-(methylsulphonyl-dichlorophenyl)-mercapturic acid (36% dose).

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in men. Comparison of the partners of infected and uninfected women.

Men were checked for the presence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated lesions. The evaluation included acetic acid-guided, high-magnification examination of the penis and scrotum employing a colposcope and biopsy confirmation of HPV-associated lesions in the genital area. The men were in a high-risk group if they were sexual partners (for at least six months) of women known to harbor genital condyloma. The men were in a low-risk group if they were sexual partners of women with no known genital condyloma. Seventy-eight of 113 men (69%) in the high-risk group had genital HPV-associated lesions, while 31% did not. Two of the 94 men (2%) in the low-risk group had genital HPV-associated lesions, while 98% did not. The differences were highly statistically significant (P less than .01). The male sexual partners of women with HPV infection had a significantly higher risk of harboring genital HPV infection as compared to partners of uninfected women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Prostaglandin for enhancing bladder function after vaginal surgery. Does it work?

Fifty women underwent vaginal hysterectomy with or without anterior and posterior colporrhaphy. After the operations the women were allocated randomly to one of three groups. One group (17 patients) received daily vaginal suppositories of 10 mg of prostaglandin E2. The second group (15) received a daily intravesical solution of 50 micrograms of prostaglandin F2 alpha dissolved in 100 mL of normal saline. The third group (18) received a daily instillation of 100 mL of saline and served as the control group. The postvoiding residual urinary volume was checked daily through a suprapubic catheter, which was removed once the residual volume was less than 50 mL. The prostaglandin did not shorten the time required for postoperative bladder drainage. The rates of febrile morbidity and hospital stay were the same in all three groups. Since most of the women in the study voided spontaneously within three days, the "sit and wait" approach seems reasonable in such patients, and prophylactic treatment to enhance bladder function after vaginal operations does not seem justified.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1991

Defective CD2 pathway T cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

CD2 (T11; sheep erythrocyte receptor) is the surface component of an alternative, antigen-independent pathway of human T cell activation. The response to certain anti-CD2 antibodies is relatively independent of accessory cell signals and therefore provides a direct measurement of T cell function. The CD2 pathway may be important in the differentiation of thymocytes, on which the expression of CD2 precedes the appearance of the CD3-T cell receptor complex. In view of the impaired T cell regulation of immune responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we examined the activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by anti-CD2 antibodies in 57 SLE patients and 32 normal control subjects. The CD2 pathway response was lower in the SLE patients (P less than 0.0001); 18 of the 57 SLE patients had a lower response than any of the control subjects. The SLE low-responder patients did not differ from the normal-responder patients in terms of disease activity or use of antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive medications. Low responses to anti-CD2 were corrected to normal by the coaddition of a submitogenic amount of phorbol myristate acetate (1 ng/ml). In some low-responder patients, the responses were normalized by the removal of non-T cells. The data indicate that some SLE patients have impaired responses to CD2 pathway activation and that this may reflect intrinsic T cell defects and/or regulatory influences of non-T cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The role of prostaglandins in detrusor instability.

To study the role of prostaglandin production by detrusor muscle in women with idiopathic primary detrusor instability, biopsies of detrusor muscle were obtained from 20 women. Nine women had detrusor instability, and 11 women had stable bladders. Prostaglandin F2 alpha and the stable metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, namely, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2, respectively, were measured after in vitro incubations of detrusor muscle for 3 hours. A significant reduction in the production of 6-keto-prostaglandin1 alpha in women with detrusor instability was noted. There were no differences in the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha and thromboxane B2, between women with stable and unstable bladders. These results suggest for the first time that women with idiopathic primary detrusor instability may have a deficient production of prostacyclin.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1991

A methylsulfonyl metabolite of a polychlorinated biphenyl can serve as a ligand for liver fatty acid binding protein in rat intestinal mucosa.

When a 100,000 x g supernatant from rat intestinal mucosa was incubated with 4,4'-bis([3H]methylsulfonyl)-2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, [(CT3SO2)2TCB] a (CT3SO2)2TCB-protein complex was formed. The (CT3SO2)2TCB-protein complex was isolated and purified using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein portion of this complex was characterized to be liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. No cross reactivity was observed in the immunoblot analysis between the purified protein and anti-heart or anti-intestinal fatty acid binding protein. (CT3SO2)2TCB was extractable from L-FABP and therefore not covalently bound to L-FABP.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls with Ah receptor affinity on lymphoid development in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos in ovo and in mouse thymus anlagen in vitro.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and its congeners bind to the Ah receptor and are known to cause thymic atrophy in most experimental animal species and also to inhibit lymphoid development in the embryonic thymus (T-cells) and in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos (B-cells). The coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCB), and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) (relatively strong Ah receptor ligands) and the mono-ortho-chlorinated analogues of TCB and PeCB (relatively weak Ah receptor ligands) were administered to chick embryos by air chamber injection on Day 13 of incubation. The numbers of lymphoid cells (on Day 19) in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius were lower, in a dose-dependent manner, in embryos treated with the coplanar PCBs compared with controls. Approximate ED50 values for inhibition of bursal cell development were 4 micrograms for PeCB, 50 micrograms for TCB, and 300 micrograms/kg egg for HCB. The most immunotoxic of the mono-ortho-chlorinated analogues of TCB and PeCB were about 1000 times less potent than PeCB. The in vitro effects of the PCBs were studied in organ cultures of thymi from 15-day-old mouse fetuses. The three coplanar chlorobiphenyls inhibited lymphoid development in this culture system in a dose-dependent manner. PeCB was only about 10 times less potent (EC50 approximately 2 x 10(-9) M) than than TCDD (EC50 approximately 2 x 10(-10) M), whereas HCB and TCB were about 100 times less toxic than PeCB. No inhibition of lymphoid development by the mono-ortho-chlorinated PCBs was observed using concentrations as high as 10(-6) M.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Urethral pressure changes in women with detrusor instability. Bladder or urethral pathologic process?

One hundred and fourteen female patients had clinical and urodynamic diagnosis of detrusor instability. They all received oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) 5 mg t.i.d. for four weeks and evaluation repeated. Sixty-six of the 114 patients (58%) responded favorably to anticholinergic treatment while 48 patients (42%) did not. Based on urethrocystometry, two groups of patients were identified: Group I consisted of 73 women with bladder contraction that preceded any change in urethral pressure. Group II consisted of 41 patients with urethral pressure drop that preceded the detrusor contraction by a few seconds. Sixty-one of the 73 women (84%) in Group I responded favorably to four weeks of anticholinergic therapy while 88 percent (36 of 41) of women in Group II did not (P less than 0.01). Our results suggest that women with bladder contraction that is preceded by urethral relaxation represent a different pathologic entity than women with "classic detrusor instability".

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Adrenocortical toxicity of 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE in mice. II. Mitochondrial changes following ecologically relevant doses.

Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize early ultrastructural lesions in the adrenal zona fasciculata of female C57BL mice given a single ip injection of the adrenocorticolytic DDT-metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (MeSO2-DDE). Following 3 mg/kg, mitochondrial changes were observed 6 hr after dosing. At 12 and 24 hr the mitochondrial changes were conspicuous, with disorganization and disappearance of central cristae. At doses of 6, 12, and 25 mg/kg body wt initial (6 hr) mitochondrial vacuolization was observed, followed by disappearance of mitochondria (6-12 mg/kg) or cellular necrosis (25 mg/kg). The metabolic activation and binding of MeSO2-[14C]DDE in adrenal homogenates were determined in vitro. The irreversible binding of MeSO2-[14C]DDE to the mitochondria-containing adrenal S-9 pellet fraction was 50 times higher than that to the postmitochondrial S-12 supernatant fraction. The apparent Km was 2.1 microM and the apparent Vmax was 104 pmol/mg protein/30 min for the binding of MeSO2-[14C]DDE to S-0.3 supernatants. The irreversible protein binding was inhibited by metyrapone (Ki = 1 microM) and 11-deoxycorticosterone (Ki = 3 microM). In conclusion, the adrenal metabolic activation of MeSO2-DDE is suggested to be mediated by a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 form, presumably P450 (11 beta). A primary mitochondrial lesion develops and subsequently leads to degeneration and necrosis of the zona fasciculata.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1991

Urinary tract infections in women.

Factors influencing urinary tract infections depend on a balance between bacterial virulence (bacterial adhesion to tissues, hemolysin, and aerobactin) and on the host's defenses (local immunoglobulin production). Predisposing factors for the development of urinary tract infections in women are physiologic changes with aging, use of catheters, and genitourinary operations. Therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections usually consists of a single dose of medication for 3 to 7 days, although the 1-day regimen was proved to be quite effective. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections is by intravenous medications. New drugs for treatment of urinary tract infections are also reviewed.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[PCB methyl sulphone: comparison of tissue levels in Baltic grey seals and a Yusho patient].

Methyl sulphone metabolites of PCB and DDE were isolated from different tissues of a Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Main components in the seal blubber were identified as 3-MeSO2-2,2',4',5,5'-pentaCB, 4-MeSO2-2,2',4',5,5'-pentaCB, 3-MeSO2-p,p'-DDE, 4-MeSO2-2,2',3',4',5-pentaCB and 4-MeSO2-2,2',3,4',5',6-hexaCB. Liver and lung in the seal contained different MeSO2-PCB pattern compared to all other tissues. These levels in the both tissues were estimated to be 28 and 15 ppm (lipid basis) which corresponded to the same level as the PCB. Concentrations of MeSO2-PCB in any tissues of a Yusho patient were low compared to those in the seal.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The Ball-Burch procedure for stress incontinence with low urethral pressure.

Up to a 50% failure rate may be expected when genuine stress incontinence with low urethral pressure is treated with routine urethropexy. A combination of Ball and Burch procedures has been suggested as an acceptable alternative to a sling procedure for the condition. In this study, 18 women undergoing a Burch procedure and 48 undergoing a Ball-Burch procedure were available for follow-up urodynamic evaluation. The one-year objective failure rate of the Burch procedure was 38%, and that of the Ball-Burch procedure was 10%, for a statistically significant difference (P less than .05). The Ball-Burch procedure appears to be an effective means of curing women of genuine stress incontinence with low urethral pressure.

Adult↗