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Biomedical subjects

A Brack

Publications and source records attributed to A Brack.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Physical and biological properties of a new synthetic amino acid copolymer used as wound dressing.

A new synthetic amino acid copolymer has been evaluated as wound covering. It is permeable to water vapor in the region of 4.1 kg/m2/24 h, it does not allow microbial proliferation after in vitro inoculation, it is impermeable to bacteria, and is stable and flexible. In vivo experiments were designed to provide qualitative and quantitative evaluation on its possible use as a skin substitute in full-thickness skin excision in the guinea pig. Two excisions, approximately 12-14 cm2 were performed on each side of the spine, leaving the panniculus carnosus. One site was treated with the membrane, the other with gauze. Each animal served as its own control. Photographs with a fixed focal-length camera were taken in identical conditions for all wounds immediately and 7, 14, and 21 days after excision. They were analyzed by planimetry. Histological studies were performed at 7, 14, and 21 days. The rate of healing between 0 and 21 days of the wounds treated with the copolymer membrane was significantly accelerated in comparison with wounds covered with a dry dressing (p less than 0.05). This increased epithelialization rate was confirmed by histology, which also suggested a reduction of the inflammatory response of the wound. In vivo biodegradation studies were also performed by subcutaneous implantation in the rat followed at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days by histology and physicochemical analyses. The results demonstrate that the membrane is not biodegradable.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides by alpha-helical basic peptides.

Poly(Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu) increases markedly the rate of hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides. The polypeptide adopts and alpha-helical conformation in water in the presence of salt. Non-helical poly(Pro-Lys-Lys-Leu) is much less active. Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu-NHEt has no hydrolytic activity. Oligotetrapeptides Ac-(Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu)n-NHEt with increasing chain-length have been prepared by solid phase synthesis to evaluate the critical chain-length required for the hydrolytic activity. It is possible to correlate the activity to the propensity to form alpha-helices.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1990

Chemical activity of simple basic peptides.

Alternating all-L poly(leucyl-lysyl) increases markedly the rate of hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides. Pure D poly (leucyl-lysyl) is as active as the all-L polymer. The homochiral polypeptides adopt a beta-sheet structure when complexed to the oligonucleotides. Alternating poly(D,L-Leu-D,L-Lys) made of racemic amino acids is much less efficient and is unable to adopt a beta-sheet structure. A set of alternating poly (leucyl-lysyl) ranging from the racemic to the homochiral all-L polymer has been checked. Their conformations can be described as a mixture of random coil and beta-sheet conformations, the amount of beta-sheet increasing with the optical purity of the polymer. The hydrolytic activity follows the proportion of beta-sheets, suggesting that the chemical activity is related to the geometry of the chain. Short peptides were prepared in order to evaluate the critical chain length required for the hydrolytic activity. A decapeptide is long enough to present 90% of the activity of the corresponding polypeptide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Selective emergence and survival of early polypeptides in water.

Oligopeptides essential to primitive cells could not be obtained just by raising the background noise of organic compounds produced by a prebiotic chemistry working at random. Selection pathways were required. Experimental evidence is given for selective condensation of amino acids in water as well as for selective resistance to degradation. It is shown that N-carboxyanhydrides are good candidates for chemical selection in water. They are formed when active esters of amino acids are left in the presence of bicarbonate ions or when N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole is used as condensing agent. Polymerization of a mixture of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous amino acids leads to an enrichment in the proteinaceous ones plus alpha-aminobutyric acid. Selective resistance toward degradation of beta-pleated sheet conformation is used to exemplify a possible accumulation of homochiral sequences made of hydrophilic and strong hydrophobic residues. Amino acids with branched aliphatic side-chains are selected but those having short linear aliphatic side-chains such as alpha-aminobutyric acid or norvaline are not.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1987

Search for catalytic properties of simple polypeptides.

Simple polypeptides were used as possible supports for nucleotide polymerization, in the absence of any preformed polynucleotide template. Sequential copolymers of alanine and glycine, water soluble polypeptides based on arginine and poly(Glu-Ser-Glu) have been tested. No catalytic effect has been found although poly(Glu-Ser-Glu) favors the 2'-5' internucleotide linkage. More interestingly, polypeptides containing arginine residues strongly accelerate the hydrolysis of oligoadenylic acids. The influence of pH, temperature, nature of the buffer and polypeptide sequence was investigated.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1987

Search for chiral molecules and optical activity in extraterrestrial systems. Example of Titan.

One of the main characteristics of terrestrial life is the role of optically active organic substances. Thus a search for chiral compounds and optical activity on an extraterrestrial body may give an indication of the presence of life, either fossilized or still in existence. If only abiotic conditions are prevailing the same search may still provide interesting information on the possible origins of homochiral families of biomolecules on Earth (e.g. the amino acids). In this respect, Saturn's satellite Titan is exemplary. A list of some of the most simple chiral derivatives devoid of oxygen atoms possibly present on Titan is presented. The interest of an investigation of optical activity is discussed taking into account some significant parameters. This raises numerous difficult technical problems which once solved may be helpful for further exploration of other planets.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1987

Synthesis of a new carrier for immunization: polytuftsin. Two examples of its use with peptides selected in the hepatitis B surface antigen.

Sequential poly(Arg-Thr-Lys-Pro) consisting mainly of the repeat of tuftsin Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg was synthesized by condensing the p-nitrophenyl ester of Arg(HCl)-Thr-Lys-(2-Cl-Z)-Pro in the presence of HOBt. Two haptenic sequences of the Pre-S region of hepatitis B virus antigen (10-26 and 39-55) were prepared by solid phase and coupled to polytuftsin via glutaraldehyde. The peptides, either free or coupled to polytuftsin, were administrated to mice and the antisera were assayed by ELISA. Coupling the peptides to the polypeptide significantly improved the anti-peptide antibody titer in Freund complete adjuvant or in NaCl 0.9%. Cross-reaction between antibodies induced by the peptides and the native protein was also improved. Polytuftsin alone is very poorly immunogenic.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Interaction of DNA with lysine-rich polypeptides and proteins. The influence of polypeptide composition and secondary structure.

Using X-ray diffraction we have studied fibres obtained from complexes of DNA with lysine-rich polypeptides and with proteins that have different conformations, to ascertain whether the conformations of the polypeptides and the DNA are maintained upon interaction. Substances investigated include N-acetyl-Lys-Ala-Tyr-Ala-Lys-ethylamide, random poly(Leu50, Lys50), sequential poly(Leu-Lys), poly(Val-Lys), poly(Ala-Lys), poly(Lys-Ala-Ala-Lys), poly(Lys-Ala-Ala), poly(Lys-Leu-Ala), poly(Lys-Ala-Gly), protein phi 0 from sea cucumber spermatozoa, histone H1 and two fragments of this protein obtained by chemical cleavage. In general, the B form of DNA with ten base-pairs per helical turn is maintained upon interaction at high levels of humidity. The A form is never observed; it appears to be forbidden in a protein environment. No evidence for transition into any novel DNA conformation has been observed, although the B form is altered in some cases, in particular upon dehydration. Such alteration occurs always in the sense of tightening the double helix, so that the number of base-pairs per helical turn diminishes. The polypeptides may interact with DNA in both the alpha and beta conformations. We have found different types of complexes in which either a monolayer or a double layer of beta-pleated sheets is intercalated between layers of DNA molecules. Alternatively, the polypeptide chain may be wrapped around the DNA, following one of the grooves. The polypeptide conformation may be either maintained or changed upon interaction. The charge density of the polypeptide is an important parameter of the interaction. When it matches the charge density of the DNA, the polypeptide conformation is maintained in most cases; otherwise it is modified. The globular part of histone H1 gives a unique X-ray pattern upon interaction, indicative of a loss of order of DNA in the complex. On the other hand, the C-terminal part of histone H1 gives a very well-ordered complex, similar to a nucleoprotamine, in spite of its lower charge density.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Aqueous polymerization of L-amino acid active esters in bicarbonate solution via Leuchs' anhydrides.

Aqueous polymerization of p-nitrophenyl esters of proteinaceous alpha-amino acids is much more efficient in the presence of sodium hydrogen carbonate than in the presence of sodium hydroxide for a given pH. Evidence is presented for the intermediary formation of Leuchs' anhydride in the presence of bicarbonate anions. The prebiotic significance of such a mechanism favouring the polymerization of proteinaceous alpha-amino acids, i.e. C alpha-mono-substituted amino acid, is discussed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Beta-Structures of polypeptides with L- and D-residues. Part III. Experimental evidences for enrichment in enantiomer.

It was previously shown that nuclei of beta-sheets surrounded by unordered segments are formed in polypeptide chains built up with alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues and containing both L- and D-enantiomers. It was also established that segments of residues having the same configuration tend to segregate in these nuclei when the starting composition of stereomonomers departs from the racemic mixture. Soft acidic hydrolysis of these polymers has been studied. Kinetic measurements show two pseudo first order rate constants, in agreement with the existence of two conformational species. The unordered part of the chains is hydrolyzed more rapidly, allowing the isolation of a beta-fraction enriched in one enantiomer. Thus, a plausible process of enrichment in enantiomer during prebiotic evolution has been described, which however does not explain the preference of one enantiomer over the other one.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Beta-structures of polypeptides with L-and D-residues. Part I. Synthesis and conformational studies.

A series of five alternating poly(leucyl-lysyl) samples with varying amounts of L-and D-residues randomly distributed along the chain, but evenly shared out amongst leucyl and lysyl residues were synthesized by condensation of a mixture of the four diastereoisomeric dipeptide p-nitro-phenylesters. Their behavior in aqueous solution at various ionic strengths was studied by infrared spectroscopy which allowed measurement of the total amount of beta-structures, and by circular dichroism which gives the excess of L-residues over D-residues in the same structures. Comparison with the properties of the all L-poly(Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) shows that incorporation of a few D-residues in a L-chain seems to reduce the width of the beta-sheets obtained in presence of salt. Higher proportions of D-isomers prevent the coil leads to beta transition from occurring when the ionic strength is increased except for segments containing at least 6 to 7 adjacent residues of the same configuration.

Circular Dichroism↗
PubMed1979

Beta-structures of polypeptides with L-and D-residues. Part II. Statistical analysis and enrichment in enantiomer.

The possible formation of beta-structures from polypeptide chains with L-and D-Residues randomly distributed was statistically analyzed within the frame of two hypotheses. Firstly, only those segments containing residues of identical chirality can associate to form antiparallel beta-structures, and secondly these segments must have a minimum length. The influence of different factors was examined: initial ratio of the L-and D-monomer, minimum length required for the segments to be incorporated into beta-sheets, average length of the peptide molecules, and stereoselectivity in the course of the polymerization process. The results show that in all cases nuclei of beta-sheets surrounded by random coil segments are formed, the optical activity of which very increases to purity when the initial ratio of monomers deviates from the racemic mixture. This suggests experiments to enrich the system in one enantiomer. Comparison is made with the corresponding behavior and properties of the alpha-helical structure.

Isomerism↗