The occurrence of the first two CTX-M-3 and TEM-1 producing isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg in Poland.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
A Cieślik
Publications and source records attributed to A Cieślik.
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated in Poland from 1998 to 1999.
A total of 326 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains representing 29 serotypes, isolated from human stool specimens during 1998-1999 in sanitary-epidemiological units in Poland were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by a standard disk diffusion method. The antibiotics used were ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, cotrimoxazole, sulphonamides and trimethoprim. In addition, 201 strains belonging to the five most commonly isolated serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar, S. Infantis and S. Virchow) also had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined for amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Selected strains were screened for production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). There were 49.4% of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains resistant to two or more antibiotics, with the highest prevalence of multiple resistant strains among serotypes Typhimurium, Hadar and Virchow. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, furazolidone and sulphonamides occurred most frequently. Over 93% of S. Virchow strains were resistant to furazolidone. No strains resistant to ciprofloxacin by disk-diffusion method were detected but 31.3% of isolates of the 201 strains representing the five most common serotypes had reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MICs ranging 0.125-0.5 mg/l). One strain (S. Mbandaka) was resistant to cefotaxime and produced ESBL.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Multidrug resistance to antibacterial drugs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated in Poland in the 1998-1999 period].
A total of 510 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains representing 56 serotypes, isolated from human stool specimens during 1998-2000 in sanitary-epidemiological units in Poland were tested for their susceptibility by a standard disk diffusion method for: ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, cotrimoxazole, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. For 201 of the investigated strains, belonging to 5 most common isolated serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar, S. Infantis and S. Virchow) the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the aforementioned antibiotics, as well as for amoxicillin with clavulanian were determined. Selected strains were screened for production extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs). It was observed that 42.9% of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics, with the highest prevalence of MDR strains among serotypes Typhimurium, Hadar and Virchow. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, furazolidone and sulphonamides was observed most frequently. Over 93% of S. Virchow strains were resistant to furazolidone. No strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected according to the NCCLS guidelines, but 31.3% of isolates exhibiting reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MICs ranging between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l). Two strains S. Mbandaka and Salmonella group D (variant motility--) were resistant to cefotaxime and probably produced ESBL.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Phage types, plasmid profiles and chromosomal restriction profiles of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolated in Poland in 1999-2000].
Salmonella Enteritidis strains are the most often isolated Salmonella serovars in Poland. In the present study, phage typing, plasmid profile analysis, and PFGE have been applied to characterize 140 Polish S. Enteritidis isolates originated from human cases of salmonellosis and from other sources. The typing phages of Ward and colleagues scheme were used to type a total of 140 S. Enteritidis strains coming from Poland. All 140 strains were typable and six different phage types were observed. A total of 125 (89%) of 140 isolates examined belonged to PT 4. The others PTs were represented by small amount of strains (PT1-2, PT6-6, PT7-1, PT8-4 and PT21-2 strains). Among all tested isolates six different plasmid profiles were observed. Of the 140 examined strains, 128 (91.4%) contained the 57 kb plasmid alone. After XbaI digestion four distinct pulse field chromosomal restriction profiles among studied S. Enteritidis were observed. XbaI and SpeI chromosomal restriction profiles of S. Enteritidis PT4 were identical with reference strain profiles. Our findings confirmed earlier suggestions that the increase of human salmonellosis cases in Poland was caused by S. Enteritidis PT4 and was due to consumption of contaminated food. This study confirmed the importance of using PFGE in combination with phage typing, plasmid typing and antibiotic resistance testing for studying the epidemiology of S. Enteritidis.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
[Taxonomy of Citrobacter rods found in human specimens].
The aim of this study was the identification of 181 Citrobacter strains on the basis of the recently proposed taxonomic changes of Brenner. All strains were isolated from diarrhoeic patients; 124 strains were originally sent for identification to Laboratory of Enterobacteriaceae DB NIH, 57 strains was isolated in Czech Republic. Citrobacter isolates were initially identified as C. koseri (3 strains), C. amalonaticus (1 strain) or as members of the C. freundii complex (177 strains). Additionally some biochemical tests were performed. The ability to grow in medium containing KCN, lysine decarboxylase production, lactose fermentation and PYR test were examined. Strains belonging to the C. freundii complex were identified to the species level by biochemical methods on the basis of the results of Brenner, who found some tests to be useful in separating Citrobacter species. These test included citrate and acetate utilization, arginine dihydrolase and ornithine decarboxylase activities, motility, urease production, esculin hydrolysis, and acid production from sucrose, dulcitol, melibiose, raffinose and salicin. On the basis of the criteria described above, 96.6% of the strains tested could be assigned to one of the recently named species of C. freundii complex. Using biochemical tests suggested by Brenner we were able to identify Citrobacter strains members of newly recognised species. A five-test system is proposed to identify the most frequently encountered species currently residing in the C. freundii complex.
Citrobacter↗
[Differentiation of Citrobacter strains using electrophoretic protein patterns].
The aim of this study was checking of the usefulness of electrophoretic protein patterns in differentiation of Citrobacter strains. For analysis of whole-cell proteins 181 Citrobacter strains were prepared. Electrophoresis was performed in Mini Protean Duall Slab Cell (Bio-Rad) apparatus. Electrophoresis was carried out in 10% polyacrylamide gel according to the SDS-PAGE method of Laemmli. Whole-cell proteins of all tested Citrobacter strains gave after electrophoresis 12 to 20 bands. Patterns consisting of 12 to 20 fragments ranging in size from 70,000 to 14,000 and smaller, were not distinguishable. There were no significant differences between electrophorograms of Citrobacter strains belonging to the different species, useful for species differentiation. Identical protein band patterns were observed in the case of selected strains e.g. strains C. sedlakii studied in this study, coming from an outbreak, having the some phenotype.
Bacterial Proteins↗
[Differentiation of Citrobacter strains using chromosomal DNA restriction patterns].
The aim of this study was checking of the usefulness of chromosomal DNA restriction patterns in differentiation of Citrobacter strains. Molecular characterization of total 56 isolates of Citrobacter from Poland and Czech Republic, was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after digestion of chromosomal DNA with restriction endonuclease Xba I (5'-TCTAGA-3'). Chromosomal DNA of all tested Citrobacter strains gave after electrophoresis 12 to 21 bands and patterns consisting of 12 to 21 fragments ranging in size from 790 kb to 48.5 kb and smaller, which where not distinguishable. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were useful for comparing Citrobacter strains. Identical restriction patterns generated by PFGE were observed in the case of selected strains e.g. strains C. sedlakii studied in this study, coming from an outbreak, having the some phenotype. In addition, PFGE patterns can be used to evaluate the clonal relatedness among bacterial isolates. PFGE can be helpful for assessing genetic relatedness among strains epidemiologicaly unrelated e.g. C. werkmanii strains tested in this study. The sum of DNA fragments after Xba I digestion indicates the genome size of Citrobacter strains. This suggests that PFGE should be useful for epidemiological investigations of Citrobacter strains.
Citrobacter↗
[Characteristics of E.coli O157 strains isolated in Poland from clinical material and food samples].
E. coli belonging to the O157 serological group are among the organisms isolated most frequently out of all the so called entero-hemorrhagic E. coli strains (EHEC). Since several years they have been isolated also in Poland. The purpose of the present study was determination on selected phenotypic and genotypic properties of E. coli O157 strains isolated in our country from clinical material samples and from food. The serotype of the strains was determined, together with the following properties regarded as pathogenicity markers of verotoxic E. coli strains such as absence of beta-glucuronidase activity and sorbitol fermentation ability, as well as production of verotoxins SLT I and/or SLT II and entero-hemolysin. Besides that, by the PCR method the fragments of the genes coding for verotoxins, intimin and enterohaemolysin were amplified. The products of PCR were analysed by the restriction enzyme analysis (RFLP). All verotoxic E. coli O157 strains isolated in Poland were analysed by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA (PFGE). The studied group comprised E. coli O157 strains, among them 40 strains were isolated from human faeces and 5 from food. The remaining strains were the reference E. coli O157:H7 EDL 933 and G 5244 strains and strains from NIH collection. The obtained results showed that the tested strains were a very varying population. 21 of them (all isolated from food, 11 from faeces and 5 reference strains) belonged to serotype O157:H7, five were not peritrichous O157:NM and the remaining ones had other ciliary antigen than H7. All strains isolated from food, reference strains and only 3 O157:NM strains isolated from humans were verotoxic. The strains from food and two reference strains produced only SLT II, 2 of 3 strains isolated from humans and one reference strain also produced only SLT II and the other produced both verotoxins. Apart from these 13 verotoxic strains all remaining strains caused sorbitol fermentation.
Base Sequence↗
[Characteristics of Yersinia strains from clinical material and from other sources. I. Selected biochemical properties].
The purpose of the study was the determination of biochemical features of strains belonging to Yersinia genus isolated from clinical material and other sources, and an assessment of the usefulness of certain biochemical tests for the detection of potentially pathogenic Yersinia strains. In all, 110 strains were studied, including 48 from the archives of the National Institute of Hygiene, 38 isolated from food of animal or plant origin, and 24 isolated from blood and faeces of patients. On the ground of the biochemical features the isolated strains were recognized as belonging to 5 species: Y. enterocolitica(83 strains), Y. pseudotuberculosis(12 strains), Y. frederiksenii(7 strains), Y. kristensenii(2 strains) and Y. intermedia(4 strains). Two strains differed in their features from the typical species reveale as yet in Yersinia genus. All strains isolated from clinical material were recognized as Y. enterocolitica, while those isolated from food included also Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia and Y. kristensenii. The isolated strains grew well on CIN medium forming characteristic violet-pink colonies with irregular outlines after 24-48 hours of incubation at 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. The potential pathogenicity was assessed on the basis of the presence of autoagglutination (AA) and absent ability of breaking down of salicin, aesculin and pyrazinamide. Only two strains of Y. enterocolitica 03 isolated from faeces and 5 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis from the archives had AA ability. Low frequency of AA was explained with possible loss of plasmids conveying virulence as a result of multiple passages of the strains, and the fact that many of them were present in the R phase. All strains of Y. enterocolitica 03 and both Y. enterocolitica 09 strains from the archives could be assumed to be potentially pathogenic for man and animals, while no strain isolated from food showed the set of features which could suggest its possible pathogenicity.
Animals↗
[Evaluation of antibacterial and antitoxic activity of normal human immunoglobulin for intravenous use (IVIG)].
In the present study, human immunoglobulins for intravenous use (IVIG), were tested for contents of diphtheria antibodies, antistreptolysin O, antistaphylolysin and antibody level of endotoxin of B. pertussis, enterobacterial common antigen and group B Streptococci. It was shown that all examined immunoglobulin preparation contained antibodies against all tested antigens. Our investigation revealed differences between IVIG preparations and IVIG lots. Basing on these results, we know that the biological activity of Bioglobulin is the same as biological activity of other IVIG preparations produced by foreign manufactures.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
[Comparative evaluation of latex reagents of Wellcolex Color Salmonella and Latex Salmonella used for detection and identification of Salmonella rods].
The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the Wellcolex Colour Salmonella (WCS) set produced by Murex with the Latex Salmonella (LS) set developed by the Polish company Biomex and commonly used in sanitary and epidemiological stations. An attempt is also made to determine the possible usefulness of the WCS test in routine diagnostic of salmonellosis and of S. typhi carrier. The sensitivity and specificity of latex reagents of both sets were determined basing on reactions with the suspensions of 17 selected Salmonella strains representing the A-E and G serological groups and with Salmonella O antigen preparations obtained using the Boivin method. Both reagents from the WCS set were found to detect Salmonella bacteria in a suspension having a minimal density of 7.5-60 x 10(7) cfu/ml while both the polyvalent reagent B-E and monovalent reagents from the LS set still reacted with suspensions of 0.47-15 x 10(7) cfu/ml density. Comparison of the sensitivity of both tests basing on reactions with Salmonella O antigen specimens from the B to E groups revealed that the latex reagents from the two sets detected antigens from the C2 and C3 groups and the E group in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and 0.5 microgram/ml respectively. In the case of antigen specimens from group B, group C and group D, the LS test detecting these antigens in concentrations of 0.25-1 microgram/ml turned out to be four to eight times more sensitive in reaction with a polyvalent agent and two to eight times more sensitive in reaction with monovalent reagents than the WCS set. The evaluated latex reagents from the WCS set and LS set reacted specifically with both cell suspensions and Salmonella antigen preparations. Also, the applicability of the two latex sets to detect and identify Salmonella antigens in liquid and mixed bacterial cultures of these germs in selenite broth was compared. A positive result of the WCS test was obtained in 41% of Salmonella culture samples whereas Salmonella antigens were found in all the studied culture samples when the polyvalent reagent B-E from the LS set was used and in 97.5% of the samples when monovalent reagents were used. The study showed that in spite of the comparable specificity of the WCS test with respect to the LS set produced in Poland, the latex reagents from the WCS set turned out to be of little use in detecting and identifying Salmonella antigens in mixed bacterial cultures in selenite broth.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Diagnostic utility of CYFRA 21-1 and CEA assays in pericardial fluid for the recognition of neoplastic pericarditis.
A positive cytology result in pericardial fluid is the gold standard for recognition of malignant pericardial effusion. Unfortunately, in 30-50% of patients with malignant pericardial effusion cytological examination of the pericardial fluid is negative. Tumor marker assessment in pericardial fluid may help to recognize malignant pericardial effusion. The aim of our study was to estimate the value of CYFRA 21-1 and CEA measurement in pericardial fluid for the recognition of malignant pericardial effusion. To our knowledge this is the first study on CYFRA 21-1 assessment in pericardial effusion. The examined group consisted of 50 patients with malignant pericardial effusion and 34 patients with non-malignant pericardial effusion. Median CEA concentrations in malignant pericardial effusion and non-malignant pericardial effusion were 80 ng/mL (0-317) and 0.5 ng/mL (0-18.4), respectively (p<0.001). Median CYFRA 21-1 concentrations in malignant pericardial effusion and non-malignant pericardial effusion were 260 ng/mL (5.3-10080) and 22.4 ng/mL (1.87-317.6), respectively (p<0.001). The optimal cutoff value for CYFRA 21-1 in pericardial effusion was 100 ng/mL. CYFRA 21-1 >100 ng/mL or CEA >5 ng/mL were found in 14/15 patients with malignant pericardial effusion and negative pericardial fluid cytology. We therefore strongly recommend the use of CYFRA 21-1 and/or CEA in addition to pericardial fluid cytology for the recognition of malignant pericardial effusion.
Adult↗