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Biomedical subjects

A D Deshpande

Publications and source records attributed to A D Deshpande.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Perceived and observed neighborhood indicators of obesity among urban adults.

OBJECTIVE: The global obesity epidemic has been partially attributed to modern environments that encourage inactivity and overeating, yet few studies have examined specific features of the physical neighborhood environment that influence obesity. Using two different measurement methods, this study sought to identify and compare perceived and observed neighborhood indicators of obesity and a high-risk profile of being obese and inactive. DESIGN: Cross-sectional telephone surveys (perceived) and street-scale environmental audits (observed) were conducted concurrently in two diverse US cities to assess recreational facility access, land use, transportation infrastructure and aesthetics. SUBJECTS: A total of 1032 randomly selected urban residents (20% obese, 32% black, 65% female). ANALYSIS: Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aOR)) between the primary outcome (obese vs normal weight) and perceived and observed environmental indicators, controlling for demographic variables. RESULTS: Being obese was significantly associated with perceived indicators of no nearby nonresidential destinations (aOR=2.2), absence of sidewalks (aOR=2.2), unpleasant community (aOR=3.1) and lack of interesting sites (aOR=4.8) and observed indicators of poor sidewalk quality (aOR=2.1), physical disorder (aOR=4.0) and presence of garbage (aOR=3.7). Perceived and observed indicators of land use and aesthetics were the most robust neighborhood correlates of obesity in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The findings contribute substantially to the growing evidence base of community-level correlates of obesity and suggest salient environmental and policy intervention strategies that may reduce population-level obesity prevalence. Continued use of both measurement methods is recommended to clarify inconsistent associations across perceived and observed indicators within the same domain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis.

This case is reported with the intention of highlighting the presentation of primary amebic meningoencephalitis as acute meningitis, a rare differential diagnosis with presence of free living amoebas in the CSF.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in the bile of a territorial benthic fish, oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) from the Elizabeth River, Virginia.

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of bile of a territorial benthic fish, oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), indicated that fish from reference stations in the York and Elizabeth Rivers, Virginia, contained lower concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites than fish from polluted stations. PAH metabolite levels in the bile of fish from mildly polluted stations were 7 to 10 times greater than those from reference stations. PAH metabolite levels in fish from a moderately polluted station and a highly polluted station were, respectively, 20 and 50 times greater than those from reference stations. Differential patterns of five major PAH metabolites in fish from the same station suggested individual variability in metabolic pathways possibly further convoluted by the differential inductions or suppressions of hepatic mixed-function oxygenase isozyme systems under various natural or anthropogenic habitat parameters. PAH metabolite levels in the bile of oyster toadfish correlated well with the gradient of PAH contamination in the Elizabeth River sediments. High levels of biliary PAH metabolites were not detected in muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) collected along the polluted sections of the Elizabeth River, probably due to their primarily herbivorous nature. Assuming that the hepatobiliary system and the gastrointestinal tract are the major routes of biotransformation and excretion of PAHs in the muskrats, the contaminated diet appears to be a more important routes of exposure of muskrats (and possibly oyster toadfish) to PAHs than the transdermal transfer. Occurrence permitting, we propose oyster toadfish as a useful biological sentinel for early detection of estuarine PAH pollution.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Identification of biological/biochemical marker(s) for preterm delivery.

Fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity rates are strongly associated with gestational age for delivery: the risk for poor outcome increases as gestational age decreases. Attempts to predict preterm delivery (PTD, spontaneous delivery before 37 weeks' gestation) have been largely unsuccessful, and rates of PTD have not improved in recent decades. More recently, the reported associations between infections in pregnancy and PTD suggest preventive initiatives that could be taken. The overall objective of the current study is to assess whether specific markers of infection (primarily interleukin (IL) 1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-6, and IL-10) obtained from maternal blood during pregnancy, alone or in combination with other risk factors for PTD, permit identification of women at risk for spontaneous PTD. To achieve this objective, data are obtained from two Danish prospective cohort studies involving serial collection of maternal blood samples, newborn cord blood samples, and relevant confounders and other risk factors for PTD. The first study consists of a completed Danish regional cohort of 3000 pregnant women enrolled in a study of microbiological causes of PTD, upon which a nested case-control study of PTD in 84 cases and 400 controls has been performed. The second study is a nested case-control study of 675 PTD cases (equally divided into three gestational age categories of 24-29 weeks' gestation, 30-33 weeks' gestation, and 34-36 weeks' gestation) and 675 controls drawn from the ongoing Danish National Birth Cohort study of 100 000 pregnant women enrolled during 1997-2001. The second study will provide the opportunity to refine and retest hypotheses from the first study, as well as to explore new hypotheses. Our preliminary work suggests that a single predictive marker effectively accounting for a large proportion of PTD is unlikely to be found. Rather, a search for multiple markers indicative of the multifactorial aetiology of PTD is likely to be more successful. Knowledge gained from the proposed studies will be implemented in a third, clinical intervention study against PTD. The first phase of the clinical intervention study will be to establish a risk-assessment model based on the "best" combination of biological/biochemical measures and other factors associated with PTD in order to identify pregnant women at very high risk of PTD. The second phase will be to apply an intervention model of tailored obstetric care to the very high-risk pregnant women for PTD identified in phase one. The intervention will be carried out against each specific risk factor associated with PTD identified for the individual. The aim is to reduce the risk for PTD attributed to the combination of risk factors included in the clinical intervention study.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Recurrent Bell's palsy in pregnancy.

A case of recurrent Bell's palsy occurring in two successive pregnancies in a 37-year-old woman is presented. The causes of facial nerve paralysis of the lower motor neurone type are discussed. The rate of recurrence of Bell's palsy during pregnancy is unknown. Treatment with corticosteroids of Bell's palsy during pregnancy poses the threat of possible side effects on the fetus.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

High performance liquid chromatographic separation of fish biliary polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites.

A modification of Krahn's procedure for the high performance liquid chromatographic (HLPC) separation of fish biliary polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) metabolites was examined by using three C-18 columns in tandem, eluted with a mobile phase gradient of 100% water to 100% acetonitile in 240 min. By following the modified procedure, the bile of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonius undulatus), weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) and oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) from the PAH-polluted Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Virginia gave rise to large numbers of reasonably well resolved PAH metabolite peaks compared to the control Nansemond River fish. The separation of fish biliary PAH metabolites, without elaborate sample extractions (an important feature of Krahn's procedure), indicate the possibility of direct detection and quantification of critical metabolites by HPLC AND HPLC/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Identification of cholesterol as a mouse skin lipid that reacts with nitrogen dioxide to yield a nitrosating agent, and of cholesteryl nitrite as the nitrosating agent produced in a chemical system from cholesterol.

The skin lipids of mice exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and mouse skin lipids exposed in vitro to NO2 contain nitrosating agents (NSAs), that react with amines to produce nitrosamines. This situation represents a potential hazard of exposure to NO2. A principal NSA precursor in mouse skin lipids was purified by thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Each fraction was assayed by bubbling in NO2 and determining NSA. The precursor was identified as cholesterol on the basis of its chromatographic behavior and spectral properties. In a chemical system, cholesterol reacted with NO2 to give 13% yields of an NSA, which was identified from its spectral properties as the previously known compound, cholesteryl-3-beta-nitrite. These findings and the chromatographic behavior of a major NSA in the skin lipids of NO2-exposed mice suggested that this NSA was cholesteryl nitrite.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Beta- to omega-hydroxylation of the esophageal carcinogen methyl-n-amylnitrosamine by the rat esophagus and related tissues.

When the esophageal carcinogen methyl-n-amylnitrosamine (MNAN; concentration, 3 mg/liter) was incubated in vitro with rat esophagi for 3 hr, five principal neutral metabolites (Metabolites 2 to 6; total yield, 3.0% of the MNAN per 100 mg tissue) were separated by gas chromatography, with detection by a thermal energy analyzer. Rat liver produced similar metabolites (total yield, 2.1% of the MNAN per 100 mg tissue). Metabolites 4 to 6 and a minor product, Metabolite 7, were tentatively identified as 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-hydroxy-MNAN (HO-MNAN), respectively, from a comparison of their gas chromatography retention times with those of the synthesized compounds. Rat esophagus produced similar amounts of 3- and 4-HO-MNAN and lesser amounts of 2-HO-MNAN, whereas rat liver produced mainly 4-HO-MNAN. Rat nasal tissue metabolized 8.0% of the MNAN per 100 mg tissue, with a metabolite pattern like that of the esophagus. Rat lungs produced mostly 5-HO-MNAN. A comparison of yields from tissues of rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and mice supported the view that the total production of neutral MNAN metabolites indicated the sensitivity of MNAN carcinogenesis, with some exceptions. MNAN injected i.p. was less carcinogenic for the esophagus and nasal cavity in Sprague-Dawley than in MRC-Wistar rats, perhaps because the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats metabolized more of the MNAN. The urine of MNAN-treated MRC-Wistar rats contained MNAN and metabolites provisionally identified as 2-, 3-, and (as the major product) 4-HO-MNAN. The identity of the urinary 4-HO-MNAN was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We speculate that tissues like the esophagus, which (unlike the liver) produce significant proportions of 2- and 3-HO-MNAN, also produce significant amounts of the most likely proximal carcinogen, 1-HO-MNAN.

Animals↗