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Biomedical subjects

A D Egorov

Publications and source records attributed to A D Egorov.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Problems of diagnostics and prophylaxis in a Martian flight].

In future interplanetary missions that will take up to two years the role of monitoring of the main human body systems and prevention of the effects of microgravity for the benefit of crew health and performance will rise eminently. In contrast to the orbital flights, diagnostics and prophylaxis will be a responsibility of the doctor within the crew who will consult solely own expertise and judgment. Hence, criteria and requirements to health monitoring and medicare systems and items are to be defined. The paper substantiates a concept and principles of diagnostics and prophylaxis, ideas concerning the scope of associated measures on the way to Mars, during the visit to the planet and on return to Earth; potentiality of a short-arch centrifuge as a means of prophylaxis is also discussed.

Diagnostic Services↗
PubMed2003

[Several clinical aspects of a piloted Martian flight].

The authors consider factors and risk sources in long and superlong (interplanetary) missions, conceivable effects of extended exposures in microgravity, and probability of diseases in the crew. They also lay down the basic principles of medical care, including surgery, to be applied in the interplanetary mission, and propose a nomenclature of key means and equipment for the therapeutic and emergency medical care, and a configuration of a medical compartment.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2003

[An expert system for controlling the physical training program of crews on long-term space missions].

The concept of in-flight expert system for controlling (ESC) the physical training program during extended, including Martian, space missions has been developed based on the literature dedicated to the microgravity countermeasures and a retrospective analysis of effectiveness of the known ESC methods. This concept and the principle of crew autonomy were used as prime assumptions for defining the structure of ESC-based training in long-duration and planetary missions.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2002

[Regulation of the human cardiovascular system under microgravitation].

The paper presents the results of studies of the cardiovascular system and analyzes the mechanisms of regulation and adaptation of this system during long-term space flights. Special attention is given to the analysis of the homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining a number of integrative parameters of the cardiovascular system at the pre- and near-flight level and to the mechanisms of development of orthostatic detraining character after flights. How a new level of circulatory function in the absence of microgravitation is formed is shown.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

[From 108 minutes to 438 days and further on... (on the 40th anniversary of Iu. A. Gagarin's flight)].

The progress of science and technology at the end of the XIXth and first half of the XXth century paved the way to start space exploration by humanity. The flight of Yu. A. Gagarin on April 12, 1961 was one of the history watersheds that had a great many of social implications. Piloted missions to space demonstrated the possibility for humans to adapt to the spaceflight factors which, nonetheless, can provoke various unfavorable reactions, particularly on return to Earth. Step-by-step extension of mission length paralleled enhancement of the methods of monitoring of crew health, life support systems, and development of modalities to maintain crew health and performance. The paper contains brief discussion of data acquired in short- and long-term missions including the 438-d mission of cosmonaut-physician V.V. Polyakov. The final section is devoted to the mainstream problems of future piloted space programs.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

[Mechanisms reducing orthostatic stability of humans in long-term space flight].

Investigations conducted in and following space flights showed consistent decreases in cosmonauts' orthostatic stability due to the effects of long-term microgravity. Degree of this orthostatic disturbance depends on many factors prime of which is adequacy of countermeasures and least consequential is length of space flight, personal features, and others. Shifts in initial circulatory status and establishment of a new level of circulation and functioning of the other body systems in microgravity appear to play the central role in loss of orthostatic stability. The paper contains an in-depth analysis of processes occurring in human body during long-term stay in microgravity impacting orthostatic stability post flight.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2000

[Some medical problems of piloted mission to Mars].

Medical provisions to planetary missions take in a wide spectrum of medical, engineering and organizational issues the goal of which is to provide good living conditions for humans in space, and to ensure physical and psychic health and performance of crew members during research activities on the Martian surface and soon after return to Earth. The article carefully reviews the problems of defining conceptual approaches to medical support in a mission to Mars. These approaches are grounded on the analysis of medical experience of prolonged orbital missions and prognosis of physiological shifts due to extension of mission up to 2 to 3 years including the period of stay on the Martian surface. Special attention is given to the key medical aspects of the mission, i.e. medical monitoring, countermeasures (including utilization of a short-arm centrifuge) against the adverse effects of microgravity on crew health and keeping-up useful skills and knowledge.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1999

[Use of academician P.K.Anokhin's creative heritage for analysis of mechanisms responsible for homeostasis formation under microgravity].

The paper analyzes the changes occurring in the functions of the body's different systems under microgravitation in the context of current views on homeostasis and of the Anokhin's theory of functional systems. Proceeding from the Anokhin's views, the authors consider the specific features of a conceptual model for formation of the functional system of homeostatic regulation under microgravitation. These concepts were used to examine the body's homeostatic responses under the conditions of microgravitation which are associated with changes in the sensory input, with the movement of fluids in the cranial direction and with the removal of weight burden on the locomotor apparatus. Gravity withdrawal was demonstrated to lead to the development of homeostatic changes which are followed by consecutive trigger of prompt and long-term adaptation responses. This yields a new functional system of homeostatic regulation and a new rather relatively permanent functioning of the body's basic systems.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1998

Manned interplanetary missions: prospective medical problems.

The present review aimed to suggest approaches to prospective medical problems related to the health maintenance of space crews during future manned interplanetary, particularly Martian, missions up to 2-3 years with a possible stay on a planet with gravity different from that on Earth. The approaches are based on knowledge so far obtained from our analysis of the medical support of long-term orbital flights up to one year, as well as on the consideration of specific conditions of interplanetary missions. These specific conditions include not only long-term exposure to microgravity, but also a prolonged stay of unpredictable duration (2-3 years) on board a spacecraft or on a planet without direct contact with Earth, and living in a team with a risk of psychological incompatibility and the impossibility of an urgent return to Earth. These conditions necessitate a highly trained medical person in the crew, diagnostic tools and equipment, psychophysiological support, countermeasures, as well as the means for urgent, including surgical, treatment on board a spacecraft or on a planet. In this review, the discussion was focused on the following predictable medical problems during an interplanetary mission; 1) unfavorable effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity, 2) specific problems related to Martian missions, 3) medical monitoring, 4) countermeasures, 5) psychophysiological support and 6) the medical care system.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

[Mechanisms of homeostasis establishment during prolonged microgravity].

Investigations performed during prolonged microgravity were aimed at determination of phenomenology of the microgravity effects, and collection of data that would permit analysis of the micro-g specific homeostasis. As was stated, long-term microgravity alters the level of functioning of the main body systems, and a number of parameters of human metabolism and internal medium. It also instigates restructuring of some tissues and organs (primarily the musculoskeletal apparatus), brings along another level of energy and plastic (protein) metabolism, enhances the catabolic processes, and modifies the neuroendocrine regulation. In microgravity, the balance of functional loads on various body systems changes affecting rearrangement of the homeostasis regulation. The paper details the functional and morphological changes arising during long stay in microgravity and mechanisms culminating in a novel homeostasis in microgravity.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1997

Medical monitoring in long-term space missions.

The following principles, derived from the experience of medical support during past spaceflights, can provide a basis for a system of health monitoring and diagnosis during long-term and interplanetary missions: a system of preflight medical screening; medical screening on a systemic basis, which may include purposeful diagnosis in subsystems following the method of hierarchic structure; use of an individual approach; correction of the medical program with respect to the space crew status; assessment of the interrelations of the entire complex of parameters; utilization of the methods of correlation, classification and identification to elicit interrelations between different functions; evaluation of shifts in body functions and their adequacy to ambient conditions; continuity of medical examinations during all pre-flight stages, during flight and after completion of flight; analysis of information and anamnestic data by means of data bases; confidentiality of medical conclusions. Discussed are a classification of unfavorable microgravity-related syndromes, possible impairments due to abnormal situations, and some approaches to the prediction of the risk of various diseases, in relation to the construction of a conceptual diagnostic model for interplanetary missions. In the interest of medical monitoring special significance is attributed to the knowledge of individual norms for each crew member and of his unique peculiarities. Such data can be compiled by means of statistical analysis (single and multidimensional analysis) of the results of medical examinations and of observations during selection, training and tests. Selection of necessary physiological parameters, functional loads and data processing techniques which can be used in combination with other data sources for inflight diagnosis should be based on the following principles: the use of informative, non-invasively registered parameters and functional tests to reveal adverse states or most probable diseases; the possibility to assess the dynamics of physiological parameters and the status of the regulatory systems, and to predict possible developments in the body; the possibility to check the efficiency of countermeasures; the possibility to differentiate a physiological state adapted to the current environment from a pathological state; the possibility to differentiate between specific and non-specific reactions; the possibility to differentiate defensive, adaptive or compensatory phenomena from pathological manifestations. This paper describes the application of single- and multidimensional, statistical methods to process diagnostic information, to reduce the vector dimension of the chosen parameters, and to classify and identify individual and crew physiological standards providing the ability to assign an individual to a suitable team. Thus it will be possible to acquire comprehensive and statistically reliable information in compact format, and thus to perform a more incisive analysis and diagnosis of various states by comparing them with the baseline preflight data. These theoretical considerations constitute the basis for a conceptual model for medical diagnosis in long-term orbital and interplanetary missions. The paper contains a section dealing with the practical aspects of medical monitoring and diagnostic examinations during Mir missions. The program of medical monitoring for long-term Mir missions incorporates on-line monitoring during intravehicular and extravehicular activities, routine daily examinations, periodic extensive medical examinations accomplished on schedule or an indication. The Mir program includes cardiovascular investigations at rest and during functional loading, testing of the cosmonaut muscular systems, validation of the standard training protocols, occasional blood and urine analysis, incl. serum immunoglobulins, and blood cell counts. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The theory and practice of medical support of long-term space missions].

The present paper gives the basis for a conceptual model of diagnostics in long-duration, including interplanetary, manned missions, and describes the strategy of medical support of the MIR crews. Classification of the microgravity-induced syndromes (states) and health problems due to e possible technical failures are cited as constituents of the conceptual model of medical support system for interplanetary missions. In the light he above, principles of diagnostics during interplanetary missions are discussed and applicability of some statistical, including multidimensional methods to the diagnostic data analysis is considered.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1996

The mechanisms involved in cardiovascular system changes during long space flights.

Analyzing the mechanism responsible for changes in the circulatory system which develop in microgravity depends on the results of medical examinations during long-term space flights. The primary component involves the elimination of gravity-related deformities and mechanical tension among body structures responsible for modifying gravireceptor impulse inputs, fluid redistribution and functional load reductions in the muscular system. This causes the circulatory system to change. The influence of these factors on the circulatory system is substantiated through theoretic-physiological fundamental principles during long-term space flights.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

[Qualification of human body reactions to microgravity].

The purpose of this paper is to qualify developments in the human body during long-term exposure to microgravity in the light of current physiological and pathophysiological postulates. The work is grounded on the analysis of the data about human body reactions to extended stay in microgravity and adopted from the literature. The syndrome of space motion sickness (SMS) evolving at the onset of space flight can be qualified as a temporary reaction to inadequate ambient conditions. In long-term microgravity after mitigation of SMS by dint of appropriate countermeasures, no subjective disturbing symptoms are virtually present. Performance remains on a sufficiently good level, and the body develops stable adaptive reactions and establishes an adequate homeostasis. Back to Earth, the human body undergoes a number of changes which can be qualified as a transient gravity-induced syndrome associated with readaptation of partly deconditioned body to the normal gravity forces.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990.

During 1986-1990 seven prime spacecrews (16 cosmonauts) have flown on-board the Mir orbital complex. The longest space mission duration was 366 days The principal objectives of the medical tasks were the maintenance of good health and performance of the spacecrews and conducting medical research programs which included study of the cardiovascular, motor, endocrine, blood, immune, and metabolic systems. Results obtained point to the ability of humans to readily adapt to a year-long stay in space and maintain good health and performance. Readaptation had a similar course as after other previous long-term space flights of up to 8 months in duration. Primary body system changes were not qualitatively different from findings after flights aboard the Salyut 6 and 7 space stations. In this case, during and after an 11-12 month flight, body system alterations were even less severe which was a result of adequate countermeasure use, their systematic and creative employment and maintenance of required environments to support life and work in space.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Preliminary medical results of the Mir year-long mission.

The basic goal of medical investigations during and after the 366-day mission was to accumulate data about physiological responses to such a long exposure to microgravity. In flight, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail and the efficacy of countermeasures used was assessed. After flight, physiological systems were also followed very carefully. According to the preliminary data, the medical results obtained during and after flight give evidence that man can well adapt to a year-long space flight, maintaining good health and adequate work capacity. The readaptation process was very similar to that observed after shorter flights (6-11 months). As compared to former flights, no new or qualitatively different changes in the vital systems of the body were seen. The observations indicate that the duration of manned space missions can be further increased.

Adaptation, Physiological↗