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Biomedical subjects

A D Hoyes

Publications and source records attributed to A D Hoyes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Cerebral photosensitisation by haematoporphyrin derivative. Evidence for an endothelial site of action.

Exposure of the cranium to white light in mice that had been given haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) led to a rapid onset of vasogenic cerebral oedema, cerebral necrosis, coma and death. Selectivity of the initial damage for endothelium was suggested by (a) early breakdown (less than 1 h) of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as shown by increased permeability to Evans blue (b) separation and increased vesiculation of endothelial cells at 2 h and (c) endothelial cell pyknosis at 3--4 h in small vessels next to apparently undamaged neurones and neuroglia. There was no damage to myelin sheaths, and astrocytes showed only end-feet oedema, a reaction to exudation of protein-rich fluid. Within a few hours of illumination, most cells in the illuminated area were necrotic. Cerebral photosensitivity persisted for at least 12 weeks after a single injection of HpD. Our results suggest that the primary site of damage in the brain is the endothelium of small vessels, and that HpD remains associated with this for a remarkably long time. These findings are relevant to the mechanisms by which photodynamic therapy damages other tissues, including neoplasms, and particularly to the possible application of this treatment to brain tumours.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of 5-hydroxydopamine on the large dense-cored vesicles in the axon terminals of the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach.

Quantitative ultrastructural analysis revealed that the large dense-cored vesicles in the axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach tend to be concentrated towards the ends of the terminals. In guinea-pigs treated with 50 mg/kg 5-hydroxydopamine, diameters of the vesicles were increased and their distribution in the terminals was altered. Treatment with reserpine prior to 5-hydroxydopamine increased the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles and decreased the overall number of vesicles in the terminals. The diameter of the vesicles was increased both in the terminal profiles and in the non-terminal segments of the axons. These observations are consistent with the view that uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine into small vesicles is followed by their transformation into large dense-cored vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Degeneration and phagocytosis of smooth muscle cells in the neonatal rat ureter.

It was shown by ultrastructural investigation that, during the early stages of postnatal development of the rat ureter, some of the cells of the muscle coat undergo degeneration. These cells were rapidly eliminated by phagocytosis, mainly by other muscle cells. Following their incorporation into other muscle cells, the cells gradually became transformed into heterogeneous electron-dense bodies with the features of heterophagosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Distribution and diameter of large dense-cored vesicles in axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the mouse and hamster stomach.

The distribution and diameter of the large dense-cored vesicles in axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the mouse and hamster stomach were analyzed in electron micrographs of groups of 150 terminal profiles. In the mouse, the vesicles were proportionately more numerous and larger than in the hamster; they were also larger in terminal profiles containing more than 20% of the vesicles. There was no evidence of bimodality of the distribution curve of the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles/profile in either animal. The presence of a significant degree of skew of the distribution curves was indicative of uneven distribution of the vesicles in the terminals, and the occurrence of a significant inverse correlation between the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles/profile and both the diameter of the profiles and the total number of vesicles/profile was in agreement with subjective evidence of a tendency towards accumulation of the vesicles at the ends of the terminals.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Fine structure of the extraganglionic nerve plexuses of the guniea-pig stomach.

The fine structure of the perivascular and the other extraganglionic nerve plexuses in the muscularis externa and the mucosa of the guinea-pig stomach was studied in specimens fixed by perfusion and in specimens fixed by immersion after in vitro incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine. In each of the plexuses, over 50% of the nerves contained ten axons or less; terminal profiles were also much more numerous in sections of nerves of this size than in sections of the larger nerves. Five types of axon terminal were identified in the nerves. Terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles were few, but were more numerous in the perivascular than in the other plexuses. Terminals containing small clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles approximately 140 nm in diameter were also few and were confined to the plexuses in the muscularis externa. The remaining types of terminal could be clearly differentiated only in specimens incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine. Terminals containing small clear vesicles were present in large numbers in the plexuses in the muscularis externa and the mucosa. Terminals containing small dense-cored vesicles constituted all but a small proportion of those seen in the perivascular plexuses. They were also seen in small numbers in each of the other plexuses. The remaining type of terminal contained small vesicles which were larger than in the other types and which contained halos of electron-dense material. Such terminals were present in the plexuses in the muscularis externa and were concentrated in nerves located close to the myenteric plexus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Location in the nodose ganglion of the perikarya of neurons whose axons distribute in the epithelium of the rat trachea.

The numbers of axons/unit length and of axons/group in the epithelium of the right and left sides of the trachea were determined in longitudinally orientated sections of specimens taken from five control rats, and from groups of five or six rats three days after section of the left vagus nerve above or below the nodose ganglion or section of the superior laryngeal and pharyngeal branches of the left vagus. After section of the vagus nerve below the nodose ganglion, there was a highly significant reduction in the number of axons/unit length in the epithelium of the ipsilateral side of the trachea, a significant reduction in the number of axons/group on this side and a small reduction in the number of axons/unit length on the contralateral side. The absence of similar changes in specimens from rats in which the vagus nerve was sectioned above the nodose ganglion, and in rats in which the branches from the ganglion were sectioned, indicated that the intraepithelial axons are derived from neurons whose perikarya are located in the ganglion and is consistent with the view that the axons are afferent. In addition to axons with terminals which resembled those which, in other tissues, have been defined as pain afferents, occasional axons with terminals containing numerous small clear vesicles were identified in the epithelium. The absence of these axons from the epithelium only in specimens taken from the ipsilateral side of the trachea after infranodose section of the left vagus nerve suggests that these may also be afferent.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of capsaicin on the intraperitoneal axons of the rat trachea.

In vitro exposure of specimens of rat trachea to capsaicin at a concentration of 2 x 10(-4) g/ml was followed by a significant increase in the diameter and major changes in the vesicle content of intraepithelial axons with terminals containing a high proportion of large dense-cored vesicles and only scattered small vesicles, but had no effect on axons with terminals containing large numbers of closely-packed small vesicles. Twenty-four hours after in vivo treatment of rats with capsaicin at dose levels of 50 mg/kg, there was a highly significant reduction in the number of axons/unit length in the tracheal epithelium. This was attributed to similar patterns of degeneration of axons with terminals containing a high proportion of large dense-cored vesicles to those seen in the ureter and to the early elimination of the degenerating axons by phagocytosis by the epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Degeneration of axons in the ureteric and duodenal nerve plexuses of the adult rat following in vivo treatment with capsaicin.

The fine structure of the ureteric and duodenal nerve plexuses was studied in specimens taken from adult rats 24 h after subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg capsaicin and in specimens taken from rats injected with the vehicle used to emulsify the capsaicin. In specimens from capsaicin-treated rats, there was extensive degeneration of axons in the ureteric plexuses and widespread, but much smaller amounts of degeneration of axons in the duodenal plexuses. Comparison of the fine structure of the plexuses in the capsaicin-treated rats with that of the plexuses in the control rats indicated that the degeneration was confined to axons with terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1981

Generalised smooth-muscle disease with defective muscarinic-receptor function.

A patient with widespread smooth-muscle disease presented with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction but had in addition defects of the bladder, pupils, sweating, and cardiovascular function. There was no evidence of a primary neural lesion, and minor changes in the muscle did not resemble those of a myopathy. In each organ affected muscarinic cholinergic function was at fault, but instead of supersensitivity to cholinergic drugs, which occurs in postganglionic autonomic neuropathies, there was a lack of response to cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases. It was therefore concluded that the patient had a new type of defect of muscarinic-receptor function. The cause was unknown, but it may have been an autoimmune disease resembling myasthenia, in which there is a postjunctional defect of muscarinic receptors. In similar cases binding of muscarinic agonists and antagonists should be tested. When antibodies to purified human muscarinic receptors become available different patterns of smooth-muscle defect may be identifiable, enabling the lesion to be defined more precisely.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the intramural nerve plexuses of the guinea-pig ureter: a light and electron microscopical study.

Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were used to study the distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the intramural nerve plexuses of the guinea-pig ureter. In light microscopical preparations, immunoreactivity was observed in plexuses related to the muscle coat as well as in plexuses in the submucosa and beneath the epithelium. Ultrastructural examination showed that the immunoreactivity was located primarily in axons in the nerves. In perfusion-fixed specimens, there was evidence of its presence both in axons with terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles and in axons with terminals containing mainly small vesicles. The presence of substance P-like immunoreactivity in axons with terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles was supported by examination of specimens treated in vitro with capsaicin. In these specimens, the axons were dilated and showed a number of other changes in fine structure. There was also a substantial reduction in the amount of immunoreactivity in the nerve plexuses and the dilated axons contained little if any reaction product. The possibility that axons which contained large amounts of reaction product after treatment with capsaicin represented axons with terminals containing mainly small vesicles was discussed. Comparison of the distribution of the different types of small vesicle-containing terminal identified in glutaraldehyde-fixed material with that of axons containing reaction product suggested that the immunoreactivity present in such axons was located in those in which the small vesicles in the terminals were clear rather than those in which the vesicles contained dense material.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Morphology and response to vagus nerve section of the intra-epithelial axons of the rat trachea. A quantitative ultrastructural study.

The fine structure and distribution of the axons in the epithelium of the left and right sides of the trachea were studied in control rats and in rats subjected to unilateral cervical vagotomy. In control rats, the axons possessed similar ultrastructural features to the vesicle-containing axons which have been identified in the cornea and in the submucous plexus of the ureter. Stereological analysis showed that there are considerable differences in the degree of orientation of the axons and in the density of the intra-epithelial plexus on the two sides of the trachea. Degenerating axons were most numerous in the epithelium one day after vagotomy and degeneration and elimination of the axons by phagocytosis by the epithelial cells was completed within three days of section of the nerve. Comparison of the figures for the numbers of axons/grid hole obtained from specimens taken three days after vagotomy with those obtained from control specimens indicated that almost all the axons are derived directly from the vagus and that, although the majority of the axons in the epithelium on one side of the trachea are derived from the ipsilateral nerve, approximately one fifth are derived from the nerve on the contralateral side.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Axonal terminal ultrastructure in the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach.

The ultrastructure of the vesicle-containing axon profiles in the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach was studied in specimens fixed by vascular perfusion and in specimens fixed by immersion in cold fixative after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine. Three major types of vesicle-containing axon profile were identified in the ganglia: 1. Profiles containing numerous small, mainly shperical vesicles and only limited numbers of large dense-cored vesicles. In perfusion-fixed specimens, the small vesicles in these profiles were all clear. In specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine, the profiles could be divided into three types: a) profiles containing small clear vesicles; b) profiles containing small dense-cored vesicles; c) profiles in which the small vesicles contained a peripheral rim of dense material. In these profiles, large vesicles which contained dense cores were rare. The mean diameter of the vesicles in the profiles was also significantly higher than in the profiles containing small clear vesicles. 2. Profiles containing flattened membrane-bounded structures. Reconstructions prepared from serial sections suggested that these structures represented sections through networks of smooth endoplasmic reticulum-like tubules rather than flattened vesicles. 3. Profiles containing many large dense-cored vesicles and few small clear vesicles. In perfusion-fixed specimens, the diameter of the dense-cored vesicles in these profiles was significantly higher than in the type 1 profiles. Type 1a and type 1c profiles were much more numerous than either type 2 or type 3 profiles. and type 1b profiles were few. Synaptic juctions were found in association only with type 1a profiles. Type 1a and type 1b profiles resembled cholinergic and adrenergic axon terminals. The remaining profiles may represent the terminals of different forms of peptidergic axon or of other as yet unidentified types of axon.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ultrastructure of the perivascular nerve plexuses of the rat pancreas.

The fine structure of the arteriolar perivascular and capillary nerve plexuses of the pancreas was studied in the rat. In perfusion-fixed control specimens, occasional profiles which contained accumulations of large dense-cored vesicles and numerous profiles which contained mainly small vesicles were seen in sections of the nerves. Counts of degenerating axons in specimens from rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine and of profiles in which the small vesicles contained dense cores in specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in buffer indicated that the arteriolar perivascular plexus contains much larger numbers of adrenergic axons than the plexus associated with the capillaries. The presence in specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in buffer containing 5-hydroxydopamine of a considerable increase in the percentage of profiles in which the small vesicles contained dense material indicated that the plexuses contain a second type of axon capable of taking up 5-hydroxydopamine. Profiles in which all of the small vesicles remained clear after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine were regarded as sections through cholinergic axonal terminals. Such profiles were most numerous in the capillary plexus.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1980

Innervation of the trachealis muscle in the guinea-pig: a quantitative ultrastructural study.

The fine structure and composition of the nerve plexuses associated with the cervical and the thoracic parts of the trachealis muscle were studied in two groups of six guinea-pigs. One group of animals was perfused with fixative before removal of the specimens. In the second, the specimens were incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine before cold immersion fixation. In both the cervical and the thoracic trachea, plexuses of nerves were found within and between the fascicles of muscle cells. The number of intrafascicular nerves/1000 micrometer 2 was low, and only a small proportion of the nerves contained more than five axons. Interfascicular nerves were more numerous and the mean number of axons/nerve was significantly higher than within the muscle. The number of efferent terminal profiles/100 axonal profiles was higher in the intrafascicular than in the interfascicular plexus, but in neither case was there evidence of a very close approximation of exposed terminal membranes to the membranes of adjacent muscle cells. Terminals classified as those of autonomic efferent axons were present in much greater numbers in the nerves than any other type of terminal. Examination of 5-hydroxydopamine-incubated specimens showed that less than half of these terminals were the terminals of adrenergic axons. Terminals of the type considered to represent the terminals of purinergic axons were also found in the nerves but were present in much smaller numbers than in the nerves of the submucous plexuses. The presence in the nerves of mitochondria-containing terminals with features similar to those of mechanosensitive nerve endings was related to physiological evidence of the location of stretch receptors in the muscle.

Animals↗