Metal distribution in Clark Fork River sediments.
Accurate sampling of pore waters and sediments in gravel river beds is problematic because cobbles preclude most coring techniques, while the angularity of sand grains destroys the membranes of standard pore water samplers. In the Clark Fork River, the recipient of over 100 years of mining activity, a modified single tube core-freezing device was used to profile bed sediment (approximately 65% cobbles and 35% gravel substrate), and a novel pore water sampler was developed to collect interstitial water. In the sediment, the <63 microm fraction comprised <4 wt % yet contained approximately an order of magnitude higher metal concentrations compared to the 63 microm-2 mm fraction (constituting approximately 20% of the mass). However, on a mass basis the sand fraction contained 60% of the metals, compared to 40% in the clay/silt fraction in the gravels, while in point bars the distribution was approximately 50:50. The metals occur predominantly in sulfides frequently armored with an oxide rim and other sparingly soluble phases that may explain the low pore water metal concentrations. These data demonstrate that consideration of multiple particle size cutoffs is necessary to accurately characterize fluvial bed sediment metal conditions and that the form of the metal is important in understanding metal solubility in the benthos.