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Biomedical subjects

A E Crowley

Publications and source records attributed to A E Crowley.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Developmentally regulated tissue-associated cues influence axon sprouting and outgrowth and may contribute to target specificity.

The heart circuitry of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) is a highly stereotyped circuit in the adult, but selection of the heart tube (HT) as a definitive target by heart excitor (HE) motor neurons during embryogenesis involves redirection of axonal arbors. In the present study we have confirmed the specificity of mature innervation using a retrograde marker and have used a combination of tissue/organ coculture and in situ manipulations to test the ability of HT and body wall to support axon outgrowth compared to CNS associated tissue. We also examined the temporal limits of target influence and the specificity of its action. Embryonic and young juvenile HT and body wall, but not adult HT, support or stimulate marked axon outgrowth from CNS ganglia, including those that would not innervate these tissues in vivo. Outgrowth support/stimulation by young tissue is largely contact based with little or no overt selectivity. Thus, outgrowth-supporting cues are developmentally regulated in the periphery, decreasing in efficacy with age while adult CNS-derived tissues consistently provide effective substrates supporting extensive axon outgrowth and regrowth. The HE motor neuron was very discriminating in that it showed little axon extension onto the HT compared to that of other neurons generally. These studies support a role for bidirectional communication in target selection. We suggest a working hypothesis that the HE motor neuron may initially select HT in response to a hierarchy of outgrowth supporting cues that have very broad influence and subsequently responds to selective signals for slowing or stopping growth and terminating on the functionally appropriate target.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Improving the effectiveness of condom advertising: a research note.

A limited number of studies have examined ways that health promotion messages about condoms can be improved, leading to increased purchase and use. This study tests alternative message structures as a potential avenue to improving condom advertising. As hypothesized, two-sided messages (positive and negative information about the product category) result in more positive attitudes toward the advertisement and the brand than do one-sided messages (positive information only about the product category). The study's implications for health care marketers interested in developing more effective advertising for condoms and other health care products are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Graduate medical education in the United States.

1. The annual surveys of residency programs on which this report is based have had a response rate higher than 90% for the past five years. 2. The count of available residency positions is a fluid entity and seems to be dependent on many factors, including funding and the number of qualified candidates seen by program directors. 3. The number of GY-1 positions has not changed significantly over the past three years. The number of reported unfilled positions, including GY-1 unfilled positions, has increased each year since 1985. The total number of residents on duty decreased in 1985 but increased in 1986 and in 1987. This increase is due mainly to the number of residents on duty in the new internal medicine and pediatric subspecialty programs. 4. The number of new-entry (GY-1) residents decreased in 1985, 1986, and 1987. 5. Thirty-nine percent of residents were training in family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. 6. The number and percentage of women in residency programs continue to increase, as they have for the past several years. 7. The percentage of foreign medical graduate residents decreased slightly to 15.6% in 1987. 8. The number of black non-Hispanic residents increased in 1987, although the percentage of black residents remained about the same. 9. The number of graduates of osteopathic medical schools in ACGME programs has increased 59% since 1985. 10. The number of institutions involved in graduate medical education has not changed significantly over the past three years, although the number of institutions that are not hospitals has increased since 1983. Ninety percent of all types of institutions have some type of affiliation with a US medical school.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1987

Undergraduate medical education.

There were 31,323 applicants to US medical schools for the 1986-1987 academic year. Of this number, 17,092 were accepted by at least one school. First-year enrollment equaled 16,779. Because some students were repeating the first year, the number of first-time enrolled students was 16,206. This represents a decrease of 131 from the previous year. The number of students enrolled in 127 US medical schools in 1986-1987 was 66,142; of this number 22,082 (33.4%) were women. The estimated number of graduates in 1986-1987 was 15,872. The total enrollment of students from underrepresented ethnic/racial groups was 6650 (10.1%), of which 3853 (5.8%) were blacks not of Hispanic origin. The number of new entry first-year students from underrepresented groups was 1679 (10.4%), of which 987 (6.1%) were blacks. The number of full-time medical school faculty was 63,991; another 130,379 were part-time and volunteer faculty. Medical school faculties also have teaching responsibility for a variety of other students, in addition to patient care and research responsibility. The average time needed to complete the curriculum requirements leading to the MD degree is 152 weeks. Twenty-two medical schools offered a combined college-medical school program. The length of these combined programs averaged 254 weeks. More than 93% of students entering medical school in 1986-1987 had completed at least four years of college. More than two fifths of students had a premedical grade point average of 3.50 or higher. The number of schools offering a Fifth Pathway Program has decreased and the number of applicants for these programs has also declined. The net attrition rate, which excludes students who withdraw temporarily to pursue advanced study or research, has remained at about 2%. Only half of 1% of students were dismissed because of poor academic standing.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1987

Graduate medical education in the United States.

The annual surveys of residency programs on which this statistical report is based have had a 95% or higher rate of response for the past five years. The number of accredited programs increased in 1986, primarily as a result of the accreditation of subspecialty programs in internal medicine. The largest number of programs is found in general internal medicine, followed by family practice, general surgery, and obstetrics/gynecology. More than one fifth of the programs are located in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States, with the largest number in the state of New York. The number of positions offered by accredited programs has increased as a result of the increase in the number of specialties with accredited programs. The number of GY-1 positions projected in the fall to be offered the following July has not increased significantly over the past three years. The reader is cautioned that the "number of positions offered" is affected by many factors and is subject to frequent change throughout the year. The number of residents on duty in ACGME-accredited programs increased in 1986 as a result of the increase in number of programs. However, the number of GY-1 residents on duty has decreased by 7% since 1984. This decrease is largely accounted for by the number of FMGs in GY-1 positions, a 21% decrease since 1984. This is especially evident in number of US citizen FMGs in GY-1 positions, a 38% decrease in the same time period. The specific factors that have caused the decrease in number of GY-1 FMG residents are not known at this time. One explanation might be a hesitation on the part of program directors to appoint new FMGs. Another factor could be the lower pass rate of US citizen FMGs on the FMGEMS, one qualification for appointment to an ACGME-accredited program. The number and percentage of women in residency programs continues to increase as it has over the past several years. For example, in 1977 women accounted for only 15% of residents; in 1986 they were 27% of residents on duty. Although female residents are found in nearly all disciplines, two thirds of them are training in family practice, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, or psychiatry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1986

Undergraduate medical education.

There were 32,893 applicants for the 1985-1986 academic year in US medical schools. Of this number, 17,228 were accepted by at least one school. First-year enrollment equaled 16,929. Because some students were repeating the first year, the number of first-time enrolled students was 16,337. This represents a decrease of 122 students from the previous year. The number of students enrolled in 127 US medical schools in 1985-1986 was 66,604; of this number, 21,624 (32.5%) were women. The estimated number of graduates in 1985-1986 was 16 191. The total enrollment of students of minority groups was 10,964 (16.5%), of which 3556 (5.3%) were black (not of Hispanic origin). The number of full-time medical school faculty was 61,372; another 124,466 were part-time or volunteer faculty. Medical school faculties also have teaching responsibility for a variety of other students, in addition to patient care and research responsibility. The average time needed to complete the curriculum requirements leading to the MD degree is 156 weeks. Twenty-four medical schools offered a combined college-medical school program. The length of these combined programs averaged 265 weeks. Ninety-three percent of students entering medical school in 1985-1986 had completed at least four years of college. More than two fifths of students had a premedical GPA of 3.6 or higher.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1986

Graduate medical education.

The annual surveys of residency programs on which this statistical report is based have had a higher than 95% response for the past four years. The number of accredited programs increased in 1984 and again in 1985, primarily as a result of the accreditation of additional subspecialty programs. Discussions about the sources and methods of financing graduate medical education may have an impact on the number and the size of programs in the near future. The count of available residency positions is a fluid entity and seems to be dependent on many factors, one of which appears to be the number of qualified candidates seen by program directors. The number of PGY-1 positions has not changed significantly over the past three years. The number of reported unfilled positions, including PGY-1 unfilled positions, has been declining since 1983. The special survey of PGY-1 programs conducted for the past three years reveals that about 10% of programs withdrew positions between October and July. However, another group of programs (some of which are new) added to the number of positions offered. The primary reason cited for withdrawing positions has changed. In 1983, the reason was cited as "financial" by 32% of program directors. In 1985, despite the national discussions about financing medical education, a financial reason was cited by only 16% of program directors. Reasons related to candidates, ie, "absence of suitable candidate" and giving the position to an "applicant at the PGY-2 or higher level," were cited by 49% of program directors in 1983 and by 67% in 1985. The total number of residents on duty (exclusive of newly accredited subspecialties) increased in 1983 and 1984 but decreased in 1985. Decreases were noted in family practice, internal medicine, pathology, and surgery. The number of new entry residents (PGY-1) decreased in 1983 (when the number of US graduates had decreased), increased in 1984, and decreased again in 1985. Forty-two percent of residents were training in family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. This statistic has not changed significantly over the past three years. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Clinical training for students of foreign medical schools in US hospitals.

The purpose of this 18-month study was to identify hospitals in the United States that offered clinical experiences for students of foreign medical schools and to provide descriptive information on the nature and extent of those experiences. All US hospitals were mailed a postcard survey asking whether clinical training was sponsored for students of foreign medical schools. Those that responded affirmatively, as well as all hospitals that did not respond to the postcard survey, received a booklet questionnaire asking for descriptive information on the educational experiences of the foreign medical school students. As of April 1985, only 166 of the hospitals that completed the booklet questionnaire sponsored clinical training for these students. More than half of those hospitals had a major affiliation with a US medical school, and three fourths sponsored at least one accredited residency program. The foreign schools from which the hospitals most often accepted students were located in Mexico and the Caribbean basin. The foreign medical schools exercised little supervision or control over the students or the quality of the educational experiences provided.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1985

Undergraduate medical education.

There were 35,944 applicants for the 1984-1985 year in US medical schools. Of this number, 17,194 were accepted by at least one school. First-year enrollment equaled 16,992. Be-accepted by at least one school. First-year enrollment equaled 16,992. Because some students were repeating the first year, the number of first-time enrolled students was 16,459. This represents a decrease of 113 from the previous year. The number of students enrolled in 127 US medical schools in 1984-1985 was 67,090; of this number, 21,287 (31.7%) were women. The estimated number of graduates in 1984-1985 was 16,347. The total enrollment of students of minority groups was 10,552 (15.7%), of which 3,663 (5.5%) were black not of Hispanic origin. The number of full-time medical school faculty was 58,767, another 123,002 were part-time or volunteer faculty. Medical school faculties also have teaching responsibility for a variety of other students, in addition to patient care and research responsibility. The average time needed to complete the curriculum requirements leading to the MD degree is 153 weeks. Twenty-one medical schools offered a combined college-medical school program. The length of these combined programs averaged 262 weeks. Ninety-six percent of students entering medical school in 1984-1985 had completed at least four years of college. More than two fifths of students had a premedical GPA of 3.6 or higher.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1984

Residency positions. Are there enough?

This article presents data on postgraduate year 1 positions in US residency programs. It points out the distinctions between data published annually in the Directory of Residency Training Programs and the data reported by the National Resident Matching Program on the subject of positions. On the basis of data reported from all accredited programs there were 1.3 positions for each US medical school graduate in 1983. The number of US graduates is expected to decrease in future years. The number of foreign medical graduates in residency programs is not increasing; however, the proportion of foreign graduates who are US citizens is increasing.

Accreditation↗