PubMed1992
The S(+)-isomer of ketamine has about twice the anaesthetic potency of the commercially available racemic mixture of ketamine. It is assumed that the known side-effects of ketamine are significantly reduced when administering half the usual dose with the same pharmacodynamic effect [17, 25]. The aim of the present study was to determine the haemodynamic effects, the catecholamine and cortisol plasma levels after administration of equally potent doses of S-(+)-Ketamine and racemic mixture of ketamine. In addition, the effect of premedication with i.v. midazolam was assessed. METHOD. After approval by the ethics committee and written informed consent, 30 healthy male volunteers were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 10). Group 1 received 2 mg/kg ketamine racemate, group 2 1 mg/kg S-(+)-Ketamine, and group 3 1 mg/kg S-(+)-Ketamine 5 min after i.v.-premedication with 0.1 mg/kg midazolam. Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Blood samples were drawn 7 min before, and 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 min after drug administration. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) levels were determined by HPLC and cortisol plasma levels by RIA. Data were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < or = 0.05) for differences between groups. RESULTS. HR and BP showed a significant rise after injection of racemate and isomer, without any significant differences between groups. This was also seen for norepinephrine and cortical plasma levels. Epinephrine levels, however, differed between groups, showing a significant rise after racemate compared to isomer. Premedication with midazolam, in contrast, blunted major haemodynamic and hormonal changes. DISCUSSION. The haemodynamic changes did not differ between the racemate and isomer group despite a reduced isomer dose. HR and BP rise were similar, although epinephrine levels were significantly lower after isomer than racemate. Hence we assume that the increase in the haemodynamic parameters were mainly caused by NE. Midazolam apparently prevented the centrally mediated sympathetic stimulation caused by ketamine and its isomers. Therefore, i.v. premedication with midazolam should be applied when racemate or isomer is used, especially in high-risk cardiac patients.