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Biomedical subjects

A Engeland

Publications and source records attributed to A Engeland.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Relative survival of cancer patients--a comparison between Denmark and the other Nordic countries.

The results of a Nordic collaborative project revealed that Danish cancer patients had a poorer prognosis than patients in the other Nordic countries for some major cancer sites. The present study was undertaken to further explore the differences in survival between Denmark and the other Nordic countries. All cancer cases diagnosed in the Nordic countries during 1958 to 1991/92 were included in the analysis. Relative survival and excess mortality were calculated for intervals in the first five years after diagnosis. Since the 1950s, the prognosis of cancer patients has improved in all the countries, but more moderately in Denmark. For cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, breast (female), and prostate, the Danish patients had a markedly lower relative survival than the patients in the other countries. They also had the lowest proportion of localized tumours. It appears that Danish cancer patients are diagnosed at a later stage of disease than patients in the other Nordic countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Prognosis of 2,800 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed during 1975-94 and treated at the Norwegian Radium Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer patients have a poor prognosis. In Norway, however, the prognosis has improved steadily since the 1950s, the age-adjusted 5-year relative survival reaching 37% in 1989 93. The aim of the present study was to explore the prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed during 1975-94 (the prepaclitaxel period) and treated at The Norwegian Radium Hospital. METHOD: Relative risks (RR) of dying and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived from multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 2,769 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were included in the present study. Altogether 54% of the patients were diagnosed with advanced stage disease (stages III and IV), whereas 32% were diagnosed with stage I disease. The prognosis of the patients improved from the 1970s to the 1990s, mainly due to increased short-term survival. In multivariate survival analysis, the RR of dying decreased with period of diagnosis. An RR of 0.77 (95% CI=0.66-0.89) was seen in 1990-94 compared with 1975-79. CONCLUSION: The short-term survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer improved from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. However, no major improvement in the long-term survival was seen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Lung and bladder cancer in a Norwegian municipality with iron and steel producing industry: population based case-control studies.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of occupation on the rising incidence of lung and bladder cancer among men in a Norwegian municipality where an iron and steel plant constituted the key industry between 1955 and 1989. METHODS: Based on the lung cancer cases reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway from 1980 to 1992 a population based case-control study was performed, including 86 cases and 196 controls. Information on occupations and smoking habits was collected through interviews and from the personnel files from the industrial plants. A case-control study on bladder cancer with 52 cases and 156 controls was carried out to cast light on the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). RESULTS: An odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer of 2.9 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2 to 6.7) was associated with exposure to PAHs. Based on data from personnel files, increased risk of lung cancer (OR 2.8 95% CI 1.1 to 7.0) was associated with work experience in the pig iron department at the ironworks. A non-significant OR of 1.8 was associated with exposure to asbestos. Bladder cancer was not associated with exposure to PAHs at the iron, steel, and coke plant, or with experience from any of the production departments at the plant. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of the lung cancer cases were attributed to exposure to PAHs or asbestos. More than 80% of the cases of lung cancer were attributed to tobacco smoking. The cancer risk in the pig iron department may be due to a combination of exposures to PAH, asbestos, or dust of mixed composition.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1997

[Serum proteins in patients with recently discovered cancer in the oral cavity/throat. What experiences were gained by measurements of concentration and electrophoresis?].

84 patients with cancer of the upper digestive tract and 89 matched controls were examined. Lower than normal albumin concentrations were observed with an odds ratio for disease of 14 (95% confidence interval 4.5-46). Among the patients, low concentrations of serum total protein and albumin were also associated with a higher risk of dying. An essential finding was an electrophoretic serum pattern of "active process" without the production of gammaglobulins occurring in about half of the patients. This observation, when lasting for several months, seems to indicate a possible malignancy. However, one fifth of the patients had normal electrophoresis. On the other hand, 15% of the controls also had an "active process" pattern-with or without the production of immunoglobulins. With regard to the participants' patient-versus-control status, the electrophoretic serum protein pattern was of greater predictive importance than information concerning high or low erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A prospective, seroepidemiological study of the role of human papillomavirus in esophageal cancer in Norway.

Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), notably HPV type 16, has been associated with esophageal cancer in seroepidemiological studies. To evaluate the consistency of the association, we performed a nested case-control study of HPV seropositivity and risk of esophageal cancer within a prospectively followed cohort of 300,000 Norwegian men and women who had donated blood samples to a serum bank. The data file of the serum bank was linked with the nationwide Cancer Registry of Norway to identify esophageal cancers diagnosed after donation of the serum sample. Fifty-seven cases and 171 matched controls were analyzed for antibodies to specific microorganisms, and odds ratios for developing esophageal cancer were calculated. There was an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer among HPV 16-seropositive subjects (odds ratio = 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-71) but not among Chlamydia trachomatis-seropositive subjects. Adjustment for the presence of serum cotinine, a marker of smoking habits, did not affect the estimates substantially. The seroepidemiological association between HPV 16 and esophageal cancer seems to be consistent in different countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Prospective seroepidemiological study of role of human papillomavirus in non-cervical anogenital cancers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between infection with the major oncogenic types of human papillomavirus and the risk of developing non-cervical anogenital cancers in a cohort followed up prospectively. DESIGN: Data from two large serum banks to which about 700,000 people had donated serum samples were followed up for a mean of 8 years. People who developed non-cervical anogenital cancers during follow up were identified by registry linkage with the nationwide cancer registries in Finland and Norway. Within this cohort a nested case-control study was conducted based on the serological diagnosis of infection with human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 33. SUBJECTS: 81 cases and 240 controls matched for sex, age, and storage time of serum samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios of developing non-cervical anogenital cancers in presence of IgG antibodies to specific micro-organisms. RESULTS: Subjects seropositive for human papillomavirus type 16 had an increased risk of developing non-cervical anogenital cancers (odds ratio 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 6.9)). Subjects seropositive for type 33 also had an increased risk (odds ratio 2.8 (1.0 to 8.3)) but not significantly after adjustment for infection with type 16. Seropositivity for human papillomavirus type 16 was associated with an increased risk of developing vulvar and vaginal cancers (odds ratio 4.5 (1.1 to 22)) and a strongly increased risk of developing preinvasive vulvar and vaginal lesions (odds ratio infinity (3.8 to infinity)). Seropositivity for human papillomavirus type 18 increased the risk of developing preinvasive lesions (odds ratio 12 (1.2 to 590)). High, but non-significant odds ratios for types 16 and 33 were seen for penile cancers. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides prospective seroepidemiological evidence that infection with human papillomavirus type 16 confers an increased risk of developing non-cervical genital cancers, particularly vulvar and vaginal cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Trends in the incidence of ovarian cancer and borderline tumours in Norway, 1954-1993.

Histology-specific long-term trends in the incidence of ovarian cancer and borderline tumours in Norway were examined, based on data from the population-based Cancer Registry of Norway. A total of 14,352 cases of ovarian cancer were diagnosed between 1954-1993, of which 94% of the histologically verified ovarian cancers were epithelial tumours. The age-adjusted incidence rate rose from 10 per 100,000 person-years in 1954-1958 to a peak of 14 per 100,000 person-years in 1984-1988. In women older than 50 years, there was an increasing trend in incidence rates during the entire study period. From the cohort perspective, the largest increase was observed among women born between 1870-1899. A total of 2,343 borderline tumours was diagnosed between 1970-1993. The age-adjusted incidence rate has increased since 1970, reaching 4.8 per 100,000 person-years in 1989-1993.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Use of multiple primary cancers to indicate associations between smoking and cancer incidence: an analysis of 500,000 cancer cases diagnosed in Norway during 1953-93.

The occurrence of multiple primary cancers is relatively rare, but may provide indications of common or opposite risk factors for different types of cancer. In the present study, the occurrence of multiple primary cancers was used to indicate possible associations between smoking and the incidence of cancers other than those generally accepted as smoking-associated. All cancer cases in persons above the age of 30, registered at the population-based Cancer Registry of Norway (1953-1993), were used in the analysis. For each type of cancer, the observed occurrence of smoking-associated cancers in the patients was compared with the expected occurrence if the patients had the same risk as the general population. Similar comparisons were made for the occurrence of other cancers in patients with a smoking-associated cancer. The results were presented as standardized incidence ratio (SIR), the ratio of the observed and the expected numbers of cases. The results indicated that uterine cervical cancer may share some important risk factor(s) with the cancers generally accepted as smoking-associated. This is in accordance with the literature, where an association between smoking and uterine cervical cancer has been found consistently. In addition, the results for liver cancer and leukemia indicated that these types of cancer also share some risk factor(s) with the smoking-associated cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Provocative appeals in anti-smoking mass media campaigns targeting adolescents--the accumulated effect of multiple exposures.

This paper reports findings from a longitudinal study that evaluated the accumulated effect of three consecutive mass media campaigns using provocative and dissonance arousing appeals to prevent cigarette smoking by adolescents. In the spring of 1992, all eligible adolescents aged 14 and 15 in one intervention county (N = 4898) and one control county (N = 5439) in Norway were included in the study, and were followed until they were 17 and 18 years of age in 1995. Only students who completed questionnaires both in 1992 and 1995 were included in the analyses. Among the non-smokers at baseline, a significantly lower proportion of adolescents of both genders had started to smoke in the intervention county compared to the proportion in the control county. Among those who were smokers at baseline, significantly more girls in the intervention county had stopped smoking than in the control county, while no significant difference between the counties was detected among boys. Our findings suggest that provocative and dissonance arousing appeals that create affective reactions and lead to interpersonal communication should be given more attention in campaigns designed to influence adolescent smoking. However, such appeals may easily produce negative reactions and the normative context should be thoroughly considered when using such appeals in future interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Trends in the incidence of smoking-associated cancers in Norway, 1954-93.

A large proportion of cancer cases have been attributed to tobacco smoking. In Norway, the proportion of smokers was 64% in men and 27% in women in 1960. Since then, the difference in the proportion of smokers between the genders has diminished and the proportion at present is 30-40% in both genders. The aim of the present study was to explore trends in the risk of the most common smoking-associated cancers in Norway based on incidence data from the national population-based cancer registry. The nearly complete registration of cancer cases in the entire country has been carried out for more than 40 years. The types of cancer included in this study were cancers of the lung, urinary bladder, kidney and pancreas, and a group of cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. The incidence of all the cancers studied increased in both genders during 1954-93. The largest relative increase was observed in lung and bladder cancer. In female lung cancer, the risk increased dramatically by successive birth cohorts. Interesting differences were revealed between the trends in males and females. It seemed that the lung-cancer incidence increased more rapidly, relative to the other smoking-associated cancers, in females than in males. This is in accordance with other studies suggesting that females are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than males, given similar smoking exposure.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Smoking habits and risk of cancers other than lung cancer: 28 years' follow-up of 26,000 Norwegian men and women.

The impact of tobacco smoking on lung cancer risk has been investigated thoroughly since the 1950s, but other types of cancer also have been associated with smoking. In the present study, the aim was to explore the variation in risk connected with cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking of suspected smoking-associated cancers other than lung cancer. Data were obtained from a survey of a random sample of the Norwegian population. A self-administered mailed questionnaire, which included questions about smoking habits, was completed by 26,000 men and women in 1965 (response rate: 76 percent). The cohort was followed from 1966 through 1993, including registration of all incident cancer cases. A dose-response relationship of cigarette smoking to the risk of urinary bladder cancer and cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract was observed. For the latter forms of cancer, a dose-response relationship of pipe smoking also was observed. In cancer of the pancreas, a stronger association between cigarette smoking and cancer risk was observed when the analysis was confined to histologically confirmed cases only. Current cigarette smokers at baseline had a significantly higher risk of cervical cancer than those who never smoked cigarettes. In cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, breast, corpus uteri, ovary, and prostate, and in leukemia, no association between smoking and cancer risk was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The impact of smoking habits on lung cancer risk: 28 years' observation of 26,000 Norwegian men and women.

While factory-made cigarettes dominate the market in most countries, the use of handrolled cigarettes accounts for a substantial proportion of the tobacco consumption in Norway. In the present study, we examined the impact of tobacco smoking on lung cancer in general, and the effect of handrolled cigarettes in particular. The data used was from a self-administered mailed questionnaire which included questions about smoking habits and which was completed by about 26,000 men and women in 1964-65. During the follow-up from 1966 to 1993, 333 lung cancers in men and 102 in women were registered. The analysis was performed by use of the Cox proportional hazards regression models. A clear dose-response relationship was found both for cigarette smoking, and for pipe smoking (in men). The dose-response relationship of cigarette smoking was seen in all the three histologic groups considered-squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The highest relative risks were noted in squamous cell and small cell carcinoma. A higher risk of lung cancer was found for cigarette-smoking women who started cigarette smoking before the age of 30 compared with similar groups of men. In a combined analysis of men and women, an elevated relative risk of 1.9 (95 percent confidence interval = 1.2-3.3) was found for those smoking only handrolled cigarettes compared with those smoking factory-made filter cigarettes only.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Exposure to nickel compounds and smoking in relation to incidence of lung and nasal cancer among nickel refinery workers.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relation between occupational hazards among nickel refinery workers and their exposure to different forms of nickel over time and the interaction between smoking and total exposure to nickel. METHODS: The cohort consisted of 379 workers with first employment 1916-40 and at least three years of employment and 4385 workers with at least one year of employment 1946-83. Data on smoking (ever or never) were available for almost 95% of the cohort. Two analyses were used, indirect standardisation from observed and expected numbers and Poisson regression. RESULTS: During the follow up 1953-93, 203 new cases of lung cancer were observed v 68 expected (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 3.0, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.6-3.4) and 32 cases of nasal cancer were observed v 1.8 expected (SIR 18.0, 95% CI 12-25). The Poisson regression analysis showed an excess risk of lung cancer in association with exposure to soluble forms of nickel, with a threefold increase in relative risk (RR) (P < 0.001) and a multiplicative effect of smoking and exposure to nickel. The RRs were 1.1 (95% CI 0.2-5.1) for exposed workers who had never smoked and 5.1 (95% CI 1.3-20.5) for exposed workers who smoked. CONCLUSION: It is not possible to state with certainty which specific nickel compounds are carcinogenic, but a significant excess risk was found for workers exposed to soluble nickel alone or in combination with other forms of nickel. The present study suggests a multiplicative effect of smoking and nickel exposure.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1995

Influence of radiographically detectable orthopedic changes on racing performance in standardbred trotters.

The tarsocrural, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints of 753 Standardbred yearlings were radiographed. On the basis of radiographic findings, the horses were allotted into 4 groups. Group-1 horses had osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joints. Group-2 horses had palmar/plantar bony fragments in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints. Group-3 horses had radiographic changes in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joint region, such as bony fragments located at the dorsoproximal end of the proximal phalanx, osteochondrosis of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpus/metatarsus, ununited proximoplantar tuberosity of the proximal phalanx, or nonarticular, osteolytic and productive changes in the proximal sesamoid bones. Group-4 horses did not have radiographic changes. The number of race starts and race earnings (categorized) of the horses in groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared with those of the horses in group 4, using a multivariate regression analysis. Horses in groups 1, 2, and 3 had significantly fewer starts and somewhat lower earnings compared with the horses in group 4.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Residential radon exposure and lung cancer--an epidemiological study of Norwegian municipalities.

The study is based on a collaboration between the Cancer Registry of Norway, the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, and National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB, UK). The association between indoor radon exposure and lung cancer was studied in 427 municipalities. NRPB detectors were sent to 10,000 households, and 7,500 of the detectors were returned. Data from a nation-wide survey of smoking habits in 1964-1965 were available. Data on asbestos exposure were also used in a regression analysis. The reporting to the Cancer Registry of all new cases of cancer is fairly complete, as hospital departments and institutes of pathology are obliged to report all cancer cases. The histologically confirmed lung cancer cases were grouped into squamous-cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and other or non-specified histological types. The age-adjusted rate of lung cancer by histological type was the dependent variable in the regression analysis. A consistent increase in incidence of lung cancer was seen with increasing tobacco consumption, but no positive trend could be shown with increasing radon exposure in the descriptive presentation of the data. In the regression analysis, however, the incidence of small-cell anaplastic lung tumors in females increased significantly with increasing radon exposure. When based on the regression coefficients, the fraction of lung cancers attributable to radon is about 2-4%. However, systematic errors cannot be excluded in an ecological study such as presented here.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Progression and association with lameness and racing performance of radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones of young standardbred trotters.

Radiographic examination of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints was performed on 753 Standardbred trotters (6-21 months of age): 21 showed obvious changes in 26 proximal sesamoid bones on lateromedial projection. The radiographic changes were divided into 6 different types: (1) irregular abaxial margin (8 horses); (2) enlargement of the sesamoid bone (6 horses); (3) 'fracture' or separate centre of ossification of the apex (4 horses); (4) vertical, non-articular fracture of the plantar part of the sesamoid bone (1 horse); (5) a small bony fragment located in a defect in the apical part of the bone (2 horses); and (6) multiple areas of decreased radiodensity (1 horse). Each horse displayed only one type of radiographic change except for one which possessed those of types 3 and 5. Follow-up radiographic examination of 21 of the 26 affected proximal sesamoid bones at approximately 6-month intervals revealed a reduction in the changes in 13 bones and an unaltered condition in 8. Lameness examination was performed on 16 of the 21 horses at 3 years of age and 14 (87.5%) were observed to be lame, but detected lameness did not seem to be referrable to the sesamoid changes. Earnings after the racing season as 3- and 4-year-old horses showed no differences (P > 0.05) between horses with radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones and those without such changes.

Animals↗