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Biomedical subjects

A Escobar

Publications and source records attributed to A Escobar.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Smallpox eradication in Brazil, 1967-69.

The Campanha de Erradicacão da Varéola (CEV) was established in 1966 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to eradicate smallpox. By October 1970 more than 75 million people had been vaccinated through this programme of systematic vaccination. In the 12 states where the attack phase had been completed by June 1969, there was an 80% decrease in reported cases in 1969 compared with the previous year. This decline in incidence contrasts sharply with the 99% increase in cases recorded in the other 15 states due to the increased level of surveillance.In 1969, 74% of cases occurred in persons under 15 years of age, while almost 93% of the persons infected were less than 30 years of age. The annual case-fatality rate, which has varied from 0.5% to 3.3% since 1956, indicates the disease to be variola minor. This has been confirmed by laboratory study.Careful investigation of reported cases has shown that in past years case reporting has been at a very low level, about 2.5% of the actual incidence.Data from epidemiological investigations of 22 outbreaks comprising more than 2000 cases and contacts indicate that the efficacy of smallpox vaccination was approximately 94%.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Appropriate use of the mechanisms for the fixation of hip prostheses].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the appropriateness of the use of fixation mechanisms for hip replacement in patients with osteoarthritis or prosthesis revision, using explicit criteria. METHODS: Following the RAND appropriateness method, it was carried out a revision of the bibliography and was created a list of 12 indications for osteoarthritis and 32 for the revision. A panel of 27 experts, all of them traumatologists, punctuated the degree of appropriateness for each indication in a scale of 1 (completely inappropriate) up to 9 (completely appropriate). According to the median of the punctuations and the agreement level, each indication was classified as appropriate, uncertain or inappropriate. The data of ten public hospitals of medium and big size of the Basque Service of Health-Osakidetza, were picked up and the developed criteria were applied to the evaluated interventions. RESULTS: 831 osteoarthritis interventions and 349 revisions were evaluated. Of the 136 interventions in which the prosthesis used was cemented, in two thirds its use was considered appropriate. The cementless prosthesis was used more frequently (77%) and in most of the cases (94%) it was considered appropriate according to the criteria of the panel. Of the 68 acetabular revisions in which cemented prosthesis was used, in 85% of them the use of cementless mechanism was recommended. However, of the 134 interventions that used cementless, the panel agreed on 94%. Similar results happened with the femoral revision. CONCLUSIONS: The study offers some recommendations on the use of the cemented and cementless prosthesis, based on the work of a panel of experts. Once applied, the criteria of the panel a certain level of uncertain use is observed.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of mobile phone use while driving vehicles].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mobile telephone use while driving vehicles in the city of Lleida (Spain). METHODS: A random sample of 1536 cars passing through six intersections regulated by traffic lights in Lleida were selected (three with urban traffic and three with interurban traffic). Cyclists, motorcyclists and driving school cars were excluded. The variables studied were mobile telephone use, age, (18-40; 41-60; >61), sex, the presence of passengers, type of intersection (urban traffic/interurban traffic), day of the week (working day/weekend or holiday) and hour of the day (rush hour/non-rush hour). The prevalence of mobile telephone use was calculated in percentages with a 95% CI. The relationship among the dependent variable (mobile telephone use) and the other independent variables was studied using odds radios (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: A total of 1536 direct observations were made and mobile telephone use was detected in 50 drivers. The prevalence was 3.3 (95% CI, 2.4-4.3). The prevalence was higher in men (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-5.7), in drivers aged more than 60 years old (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 0.5-8,4) and in those aged 18-40 years old (OR =1.5; 95% CI, 0.8-3.0), in unaccompanied drivers (OR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.5-6.3), in urban intersections (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-5.9), on workdays (OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 0.9-4.4) and at the rush hour (OR =1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mobile telephone use while driving vehicles can be considered high, because of the increase in car accidents. The profile of drivers using mobile telephones corresponds to men aged 18-40 years or more than 61 years, in urban intersections, without passengers, during workdays and at the rush hour. We recommend the implementation of measures to decrease the use of mobile telephones while driving.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aflatoxin detection in urine in liver diseases in childhood].

During the last decade, a number of epidemiological and laboratory investigations have shown a close association among hepatitis B, dietary exposure to aflatoxin, and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. An immunoenzymatic method for aflatoxin detection in urine was developed and assessed at the National Institute of Oncology. Fifty four children (age range 4-16 years) from the pediatric service at the National Institute of Gastroenterology were studied. Thirty patients had a diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis (CHA 17 of which 56%) were found aflatoxin- positive, 20 where HbsAg-positive carriers of which 7 of 35% were positive to aflatoxin, and 4 patients suffered from metabolic diseases from which 1 (25%) was found aflatoxin- positive. Controls and patients were matched by age, with 7.5% of aflatoxin-positive patients. Our results confirm the link between hepatitis B and aflatoxin in this type of patients compared to controls. The immunoenzymatic system proved to be specific for aflatoxin detection with a sensitivity of 100 picograms/milliliter.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[IgG2 deficiency. Its clinical correlation with recurrent otitis media in childhood].

IgG2 deficiency has been reported in two recent years as an antibody deficiency associated mainly with recurrent acute and chronic ORL and lower respiratory and recurrent otitis media in children evaluated. We discuss the most rational approach to the treatment with special reference to the replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin.

Child, Preschool↗