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A Espinel-Ingroff

Publications and source records attributed to A Espinel-Ingroff.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Comparison of relative susceptibilities of Candida species to three antifungal agents as determined by unstandardized methods.

Three groups of isolates, each comprising four isolates of Candida species, were selected for their diversity of susceptibilities to amphotericin B, flucytosine, or ketoconazole. The isolates were distributed in duplicate and in blinded fashion to three laboratories where a total of eight procedures were performed for each drug. From the decoded results, intralaboratory variability among replicate determinations was found usually to fall within a fourfold range. Interlaboratory variation, however, was 16-fold or greater for all isolates, ranging to 50,000-fold differences for some isolates. Relative susceptibilities of isolates within each method could be determined in 11 of the 24 drug-method combinations and agreed with the reference rank order in all but one instance. Our findings underscore the lack of agreement among laboratories for the susceptibility testing of yeasts but indicate that such differences could likely be resolved by standardization without loss of clinical value.

Agar↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ciprofloxacin after sequential increasing oral doses.

The pharmacokinetics and safety of orally administered ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867) were examined in 12 healthy male volunteers who received sequential doses of 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg. The individual and mean data were best described by biexponential disposition and elimination, assuming an apparent zero-order rate of absorption. The peak serum concentrations determined from the individual data occurred at approximately 1.5 h after each dose and ranged from 0.42 to 4.2 micrograms/ml; the mean peak concentrations increased in proportion to the dose. The areas under the curve determined from the mean data were also proportional with respect to dose. The mean elimination half-lives calculated from pooled data were 4.1, 4.1, 6.9, and 6.3 h for doses of 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg, respectively. Longer half-lives but proportional area-under-the-curve values after the 750- and 1,000-mg doses implied that smaller fractions of ciprofloxacin were absorbed after these doses, although nonlinear kinetics could not be ruled out. The mean serum concentrations 12 and 24 h following each dose were greater than or equal to 0.08 and 0.01 micrograms/ml, respectively. The urinary concentrations ranged from 30 to 500 micrograms/ml for at least 12 h after administration and were greater than or equal to 9 micrograms/ml at 24 h following each dose. The urinary recovery level of unchanged ciprofloxacin over a 24-h period ranged from 28 to 44%. The mean renal clearances for each dose ranged from 300 to 500 ml/min. Ciprofloxacin was well tolerated, and no significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Exoantigen test for Cladosporium bantianum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, and Phialophora verrucosa.

Exoantigens from 10-day-old cultures of 100 isolates of pathogenic and saprophytic dematiaceous fungi were analyzed by the exoantigen test. Antisera to Cladosporium bantianum ATCC 10958, Fonsecaea pedrosoi CDC AMO-B06, and Phialophora verrucosa CDC AMO-C12 were prepared in New Zealand rabbits immunized with soluble antigens from 1-month-old cultures. Absorbed and nonabsorbed antisera and exoantigens from the same organisms were used as reference reagents. Serologic reactions were analyzed in terms of the presence or absence of lines of identity or nonidentity. These reactions allowed presumptive differentiation of C. bantianum, F. pedrosoi, and Phialophora verrucosa from other dematiaceous fungi, including Cladosporium spp. (28 isolates), Exophiala spp. (18 isolates), Fonsecaea spp. (17 isolates). Lecythophora hoffmannii (4 isolates), Phaeoannellomyces werneckii (3 isolates), Phialophora spp. (17 isolates), Wangiella dermatitidis (9 isolates), and Rhinocladiella spp. (4 isolates).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

In-vitro studies with SF 86-327, a new orally active allylamine derivative.

SF 86-327 (Sandoz Forschungsinstitut) is an orally active allylamine derivative related to naftifine. The antifungal activity of SF 86-327 was compared in vitro with those of naftifine, ketoconazole, and itraconazole (R 51,211, Janssen Pharmaceutica) by agar dilution. 120 fungal isolates were tested. Also, the antifungal activities of SF 86-327 and naftifine against 18 dimorphic pathogens were assayed in vitro by broth dilution. Results of these studies support claims that SF 86-327 is a broad spectrum antifungal agent. Results of the broth dilution studies also revealed that SF 86-327 was both fungistatic and fungicidal in vitro for isolates of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Sporothrix schenckii at concentrations as low as 0.05 micrograms ml-1 (18 isolates tested, MIC90 = 0.39 micrograms ml-1, MFC90 = 12.5 micrograms ml-1).

Allylamine↗
PubMed1984

In-vitro studies with four new antifungal agents: BAY n 7133, bifonazole (BAY h 4502), ICI 153,066 and Ro 14-4767/002.

Four new antifungal agents were compared in vitro with miconazole and ketoconazole. The agents were BAY n 7133 and ICI 153,066, two orally active triazoles, and bifonazole (BAY h 4502) and Ro 14-4767/002, both topical agents. While all four were found to be broad spectrum antifungal agents they also demonstrated certain gaps in their spectra. In general, Ro 14-4767/002 was the most active agent tested whereas bifonazole and BAY n 7133 were the least active. Noteworthy activities included that of Ro 14-4767/002 against Candida albicans, the dermatophytes and Sporothrix schenckii and that of ICI 153,066 against Torulopsis glabrata.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1984

In vitro studies with R 51,211 (itraconazole).

The in vitro activity of R 51,211 (itraconazole, accepted generic name; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium), a new orally active triazole, was compared with those of two existing orally active azoles, ketoconazole and BAY n 7133, and a topical agent, Ro 14-4767/002. An agar dilution procedure (Kimmig agar) was performed with 148 isolates of pathogenic fungi. Incubation was at 30 degrees C from 48 h to 7 days. R 51,211 was dissolved in 0.2 N HCl in absolute ethanol, ketoconazole was dissolved in 0.2 N HCl alone, BAY n 7133 was dissolved in absolute ethanol, and Ro 14-4767/002 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. R 51,211 and Ro 14-4767/002 were the most active drugs against isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum, and R 51,211 showed the greatest activity in vitro against isolates of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Cryptococcus neoformans. Ro 14-4767/002 was the most active drug against 30 isolates of dermatophytes, followed by R 51,211, ketoconazole, and BAY n 7133. R 51,211 showed the best activity in vitro against 19 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, as well as 19 isolates of dematiaceous fungi. All four drugs had 90% MICs of greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml when tested with isolates of zygomycetous fungi.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1984

Exoantigen test for differentiation of Exophiala jeanselmei and Wangiella dermatitidis isolates from other dematiaceous fungi.

Concentrated (25X) exoantigens of 105 isolates of pathogenic and saprophytic dematiaceous fungi and 3 isolates of Sporothrix schenckii were analyzed by the microimmunodiffusion method. The reagents used were nonadsorbed and adsorbed sera produced in New Zealand rabbits. One set of rabbits was immunized with soluble antigens of a 1-month-old culture of Exophiala jeanselmei (ATCC 34123), and the other set was immunized with soluble antigens from a culture of Wangiella dermatitidis (ATCC 28869). The reference antigens were 25X-concentrated exoantigens of the above cultures. This exoantigen test permitted the differentiation of E. jeanselmei and W. dermatitidis from one another as well as from other Exophiala species, Fonsecaea species, Phialophora species, Cladosporium species, Rhinocladiella species, and Sporothrix schenckii by presence or absence of lines of identity or of partial identity, or lines of nonidentity. Using adsorbed serum eliminated the problems with cross-reactivity seen with nonadsorbed serum. Thus, with an adsorbed serum as the reagent, it was possible to presumptively differentiate E. jeanselmei and W. dermatitidis from one another and from other dematiaceous fungi.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1984

In vitro susceptibility studies with oxiconazole (Ro 13-8996).

Oxiconazole (Ro 13-8996) is a recently described imidazole derivative intended for topical use. 128 isolates of pathogenic fungi were tested in vitro against oxiconazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole using an agar dilution method. Results indicated that miconazole was markedly more active than either oxiconazole or ketoconazole against Candida albicans while ketoconazole was the more active compound against Candida parapsilosis. A species specific difference in the susceptibilities of isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus to all three imidazoles with A. flavus being more susceptible was noted. Both Mucor and Rhizopus were more susceptible to oxiconazole than to either miconazole or ketoconazole. There were no noticeable differences among the dermatophytes in tests with the three drugs with all geometric mean minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) being less than 1.0 micromilligram-1. The dematiaceous fungi also demonstrated no major differences in susceptibility to the three drugs. One isolate of Pseudallescheria boydii was relatively resistant to all three drugs (MIC greater than or equal to 16 micromilligrams-1).

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1983

5-fluorocytosine susceptibility of pathogenic fungi in the presence of allopurinol: potential for improving the therapeutic index of 5-fluorocytosine.

The minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-fluorocytosine in 18 pathogenic fungal isolates was not altered by either allopurinol (100 microM) or oxypurinol (100 microM). Since allopurinol at this level clinically has been demonstrated to interfere with 5-fluorouracil anabolism, thereby reducing toxicity owing to 5-fluorouracil, allopurinol may be useful in counteracting the 5-fluorouracil-induced myelotoxicity observed in patients being treated with 5-fluorocytosine without interfering with the antifungal activity of 5-fluorocytosine.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of dematiaceous pathogenic fungi from a feed and seed warehouse.

In an epidemiological study, nine isolates of dematiaceous fungi were recovered from the interior of a local feed and seed warehouse. Sample sites include brick walls and floors. Air samples also were included. Samples were collected in saline and plated on Mycobiotic and Sabouraud agar. The nine dematiaceous fungi recovered from these samples were identified with microscopic morphology, thermotolerance, biochemical reactions, and animal virulence test. Four isolates were identified as nonpathogens on the basis of positive gelatin tests. The identified pathogens included Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladosporium bantianum (C trichoides), Wangiella dermatitidis (Dixon et al., Mycopathologia 70:153-161, 1980), and Exophiala jeanselmei. These five organisms were injected into NCI/ALB mice. Only the isolate of C. bantianum was neurotropic, as demonstrated histopathologically and by the recovery of the organism from brain tissue. None of the remaining four isolates were seen or cultured from any of the mouse tissues analyzed. The recovery of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi from environmental sites is not uncommon. However, this study is noteworthy in that it represents only the second reported isolation of C. bantianum and the first isolation of F. pedrosoi from the environment in North America and suggests that these fungi may be more ubiquitous in this region that previously believed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

In vitro evaluation of a vancomycin radioimmunoassay and observations on vancomycin pharmacokinetics in dialysis patients.

A recently marketed radioimmunoassay (RIA) for vancomycin (Monitor Science Corp.) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The RIA and bioassay results on 15 spiked serum samples found no significant difference between the two assays, although RIA results were significantly less variable. The coefficient of variation (RIA) was 5.5%. Vancomycin showed no significant degradation in plasma at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C for up to 36 days. Five dialysis patients had a total of 62 serum levels determined. When vancomycin 1 g was given weekly to two anuric adults, marked accumulation occurred. This finding was consistent with vancomycin's long terminal half-life (19.8 and 17.8 days) obtained from a new computer subroutine which obtains least square estimators of model parameters from multiple dose data. Despite serum levels well above the MIC, two patients remained bacteremic. Peritoneal levels of vancomycin in two patients with suspected peritonitis equalled corresponding serum levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Detection of candida antigenemia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with invasive candidiasis.

Because of the difficulty in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, an assay that makes use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was developed to detect candida antigen. A cell-wall polysaccharide of Candida was extracted with hot formamide, ethanol precipitation, and gel filtration. Rabbit antiserum was tested by CIE against sera from 20 healthy individuals, 15 patients with mucosal candidiasis, and 48 compromised patients with cultures positive for Candida. Antigen was detected in sera from 13 patients by CIE; eight of these patients were eventually proven to have invasive disease. None of the antigen-negative patients for whom autopsy was performed had evidence of invasive candidiasis. Healthy individuals and patients with superficial mucosal candidiasis were also antigen-negative. The detection of candida antigenemia by CIE is specific for invasive disease and serves as a guide in initiation and follow through of antifungal therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of miconazole and a new imidazole, R41,400.

R41,400 is a recently synthesized, water-soluble imidazole. Its antifungal properties were compared in vitro with those of miconazole using an agar dilution procedure and 175 isolates of human fungal pathogens. The filamentous forms of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were inhibited by less than or equal to 2 microgram of either drug/ml; Coccidioides immitis was inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 microgram of R41,400/ml. Among the yeasts tested, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida parapsilosis were the most susceptibel to the two drugs, whereas Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were the least susceptible; 0.5 microgram of either drug/ml was inhibitory for 90%-100% of tested isolates of C. neoformans but for only less than or equal to 20% of isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata. Both drugs were inhibitory for most isolates of Trichophyton and Microsporum species at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml; Epidermophyton floccosum was uniquely susceptible to both drugs.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1978

Rapid determination of serum 5-fluorocytosine levels by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method for the rapid, quantitative determination of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. After initially ultrafiltrating the serum, a portion was injected onto a cation exchange column. 5-FC was separated by using an ammonium-phosphate buffer as the mobile phase and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. Quantitation of 5-FC was based on the linear relationship between peak area in the chromatograms and known concentrations of 5-FC in a set of serum standards (prepared by adding from 10 to 200 micrograms of 5-FC to 1-ml aliquots of pooled human serum). This method was compared with the standard microbiological method for 5-FC. Advantages of the HPLC method include: Determination of 5-FC levels within 30 min; lack of interference from other antimicrobial drugs, particularly amphotericin B; more accurate determination of true 5-FC level, particularly at concentrations of less than 25 micrograms/ml or greater than 100 micrograms/ml; and ease with which the assay may be automated for routine use.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1978

Therapeutic failures with miconazole.

A retrospective review of therapeutic failures of miconazole in three patients is presented. Miconazole, a new imidazole derivative, is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent purportedly effective topically, orally, and parenterally against a number of species of fungi. Three patients with the following culturally proven deep fungal infections were treated with miconazole: (i) destructive arthritis (Sporothrix schenckii), (ii) meningoencephalitis (Cryptococcus neoformans), and (iii) disseminated aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus). All the organisms were susceptible in vitro to 1.56 mug or less of miconazole per ml using a broth dilution technique. In each patient, miconazole administered intravenously in dosages of 30 mg/kg per day failed to control or eradicate infection. Miconazole serum levels ranged from <0.5 to 4.35 mug/ml as determined by radial diffusion bioassay. Cerebrospinal fluid levels were virtually undetectable. In one patient (C. neoformans), miconazole was given intraventricularly in doses of 15 mg without response. Therapeutic failures were attributed to suboptimal body fluid levels of miconazole. The reason(s) for such low levels of activity was not clear, but may have been poor penetrance into tissues, in vitro inactivation, and/or unusually rapid excretion. Untoward reactions from miconazole included fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and phlebitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

In vitro studies with ambruticin, a new antifungal antibiotic.

The in vitro antifungal inhibitory activities of ambruticin and of various antifungal drugs of choice against 190 fungal pathogens representative of the major human mycoses were compared using a modification of the ICS agar dilution technique. Ambruticin compared favorably with amphotericin B and miconazole when tested against the dimorphic pathogens Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis and against Aspergillus fumigatus. Miconazole was the most active compound against Sporothrix schenckii, Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii, and selected dematiaceous fungi, with ambruticin giving minimal inhibitory, concentrations from 3- to 74-fold higher. Ambruticin compared unfavorably with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine when tested against Candida and Torulopsis species. Ambruticin was not as active in vitro as tolnaftate when tested against the three genera of dermatophytic fungi, but compared favorably with miconazole.

Antifungal Agents↗