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Biomedical subjects

A Fogel

Publications and source records attributed to A Fogel.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Lateral asymmetry in attention for three-month-old human infants during face-to-face interaction with mother.

A soft grip the size of an adult index finger was placed in the palm of 3-month-old human infants during face-to-face interaction with their mothers. In a between-subjects experiment, half the subjects interacted with mother for 3 min with no grip, which was followed by a 3 min interaction with the grip in the left hand; for the other half, the grip was placed in the right hand in the second condition. A within-subjects experiment compared the grip interaction for 3 min first in one hand and then in the other. The grip did not significantly alter the infant's gaze at mother, smiling, or positive vocalizations. The movements of the hand with the grip were suppressed similarly for left and right hands. Lateral asymmetry was found for looking to the left side when the grip was in the left hand, compared to no lateral preference in looking during any other condition. The results support a model of right-side dominance for attention control in infants.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Maternal speech to three-month-old infants in the United States and Japan.

An American-Japanese comparison of maternal speech to 3-month-old infants is presented. Mother-infant dyads were videotaped in the laboratory, and the maternal speech was analysed by function and syntactic form. US mothers were more information-oriented than were Japanese mothers; they also used more question forms, especially yes/no questions. Japanese mothers were affect-oriented, and they used more nonsense, onomatopoeic sounds, baby talk, and babies' names. The differences between countries in maternal speech addressed to 3-month-olds appear to reflect characteristic culture-specific communicative styles as well as beliefs and values related to childrearing.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

Rubella-specific IgM in reinfection and risk to the fetus.

A case of reinfection with the wild rubella virus in the 8th gestational week is reported. The patient had preexisting hemagglutination inhibition antibodies of low titer following immunization with rubella vaccine. Reinfection was accompanied by clinical symptoms and the presence of rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) of high titer. Following termination of pregnancy no rubella virus could be isolated from the fetal tissues and the fetal blood contained no specific IgM antibodies. These results should encourage the use of cordocentesis before decision on interruption of pregnancy.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1988

Isolation of HIV from Israeli patients and asymptomatic carriers.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1) strains were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of eight homosexual men (two asymptomatic and six with lymphadenopathy syndrome) and of the wife of an AIDS patient with AIDS-related complex. All except one had antibodies to HIV in their serum. Virus isolation was carried out by cocultivation of the donors' peripheral lymphocytes with HUT-78 cells or with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal cord blood lymphocytes. Identification of the virus was based on detection of specific cytopathogenic effects, determination of reverse transcriptase activity, specific immunofluorescence and Southern blot analysis of HIV proviral DNA in the infected cell cultures.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1987

Detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies by the staphylococcal absorption method (SAM).

The use of SAM for the detection of rubella-specific IgM was evaluated in the sera of 318 rubella convalescents, 79 vaccinees and 53 infants with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The method employed was based on the use of crude inactivated suspension of Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I in the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and 1-h incubation of antigen and antibody. Among convalescents, 99% were found positive when tested within 30 days, and 84.6% were positive within 90 days following onset of clinical symptoms. Infants with CRS were 50 to 55% positive at the age of 0 to 6 months and 23% at the age of 7 to 11 months. Overnight incubation of antigen and antibody increased the proportion of positive results, particularly among sera of rubella vaccinees. No false-positives were detected among 1,035 healthy controls; nor in 40 patients following cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus infection, nor in 22 sera containing rheumatoid factor (RF). Comparison of SAM with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit based on antibody capture showed 84% correlation between the two methods. Discrepancies were observed mainly in low-IgM.antibody-containing sera.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Controlled synthesis of HBsAg in a differentiated human liver carcinoma-derived cell line.

A significant aspect of primary hepatic carcinoma in man is the high positive correlation of hepatocellular carcinoma with infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV)1. Analysis of the relationship between HBV infection and oncogenesis is difficult because natural infection with HBV is limited to man and experimental infection has been achieved only in chimpanzees and gibbons. Furthermore, because HBV has not been successfully propagated in cell culture, basic study of virus-cell interaction of the aetiological agent of one of the most widespread infections of man has been impossible. Recently, however, a cell line (PLC/PRF/5) derived from a human hepatoma biopsy was described which produces the HRV surface antigen (HBsAg) and so provides a tool for the experimental investigation of HBV in viro. We now report the derivation and characterisation of two additional cell lines primary liver carcinomas. In contrast to the PLC/PRF/5 cell line, these cell lines retain the capacity to synthesise many human plasma proteins, including both albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). One of these lines also produces BHsAg. We also present evidence that HBsAg synthesis and secretion in this cell line are correlated with the growth state of the culture. This finding is in contrast to the continuous HBsAg production found in the PLC/PRF/5 cell line.

Albumins↗
PubMed1978

Response to experimental challenge in persons immunized with different rubella vaccines.

The response to experimental challenge with rubella virus was studied in 113 volunteers, ages 13 to 17 years, immunized with three rubella vaccines: HPV-77-DE-5 and Cendehill (inoculated subcutaneously) and RA-27/3 (administered subcutaneously to one group and intranasally to a second group). The occurrence of side effects ranged from 16% in the Cendehill vaccines to 32% in the RA-27/3-intranasal vaccinees. Antibody response to primary vaccination as measured by CF was significantly lower in the Cendehill vaccines. Challenge by intranasal instillation of RA-27/3 a year later produced no adverse effects. Serologic response was measured by testing for CF, HI, and neutralizing and sensitizing antibodies. Booster response, a fourfold increase in antibody fiter after challenge as evidenced by at least one of the tests, occurred in 67% of the Cendehill vaccinees, in 47% of HPV-77 vaccines, and in only 7 to 11% of RA-27/3 vaccinees. Of 37 subjects exhibiting booster response, 27 had an increase in antibody titer demonstrated by two or more serologic tests; 16 of these 27 were Cendehill vaccinees. These results confirm our previous observations and that of others that the RA-27/3 rubella vaccine has the highest immunogenic potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Modified staphylococcal absorption method used for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobin M antibodies during a rubella epidemic.

A recently described method for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody based on absorption of IgG by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I has been applied to 198 sera collected during a recent rubella epidemic in Israel. Modification of the original method introduced for the present study includes treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol of antibody remaining after absorption by staphylococci. This treatment confirms that the residual antibody is IgM (sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol) rather than IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). None of the 67 control patients (seropositive for rubella but without history of recent illness or contact) had specific IgM when tested by this method, though 15 showed some residual antibody after staphylococcal absorption. A total of 125 of 131 rubella convalescents (95%) were positive 4 to 49 days after onset of the clinical symptoms. Six patients had no IgM antibodies when tested by the method described, and all were convalescents tested late in relation to onset of clinical symptoms (beyond 3 weeks). When density gradient centrifugation was applied to clarify some results, 2 of 3 convalescents classified as IgM negative by the staphylococcal absorption method did in fact possess IgM antibody. None of 10 controls tested by density gradient centrifugation was IgM positive. This combination of staphylococcal absorption and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment is recommended as a screening test for selection of IgM positives, in addition to the use of a more sensitive method (such as density gradient centrifugation) on at least some samples classified as IgM negative.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

Serologic studies in 11,460 pregnant women during the 1972 rubella epidemic in Israel.

A total of 11,460 women in the first 4 months of pregnancy, either exposed to or with suspected clinical rubella were tested for rubella antibody during an extensive epidemic of this disease in 1972. The proportion of women who were seronegative decreased from 25% at the beginning of the epidemic to 16% toward the end. In 542 (79%) of 682 cases with suspected clinical rubella, the laboratory findings were consistent with recent rubella infection, while in the remaining 140 cases of suspected clinical rubella recent infection could be excluded by serologic tests. CF tests were more useful than HI for confirmation of clinical rubella, and especially for retrospective diagnosis, since elevated titers (larger than or equal to 1:16) were suggestive of recent infection. Paired sera were tested from 4203 patients exposed to rubella: 1126 of the subjects were seronegative and the remaining 3077 seropositive (HI larger than or equal to 1:16) on first testing. In the seronegative group, 278 seroconversions were detected (24.6%): 247 cases of clinical rubella (21.9%) and 31 seroconversions without clinical symptoms (2.7%). Among the seropositive subjects in 2306 instances (74.9%) recent subclinical rubella could be excluded by low and stable HI or CF antibody titers in paired sera. In 32 (1.1%) an antibody rise (HI or CF) without clinical symptoms was detected, and in the remaining 739 (24%) high CF titers were found in paired sera, and these were classified as suspected subclinical rubella.

Antibodies, Viral↗