Ureteral injuries during gynecologic procedures.
The reported incidence of iatrogenic ureteral injuries ranges from 0.05 to 30%. These injuries are particularly secondary to gynecologic surgical procedures. Simple abdominal hysterectomy has proved to be the most common procedure leading to such injures. Because some ureteral injuries may be symptomless, leading to silent kidney loss, the incidence may be too low, and a figure of up to 2.5% after gynecologic operations has been suggested. The incidence continues to be about ten cases during abdominal surgery for one case during vaginal surgery. Different risk factors may influence the ureteral injuries rate. An operation at the pelvic brim, distorted anatomy, removal of the adnexa or of ovarian neoplasm, may facilitate the occurrence of an ureteral trauma. The management of ureteral trauma is positively influenced by an early recognition of the trauma. Conventional technique or ureteroneocystostomy or end to end anastomosis with ureteral stent to treat the injury proved successful. Extensive reconstruction draws upon the entire therapeutic armamentarium of the urologist. Surgical options mainly include creation of bladder tubes and autotransplantation. The most important factor influencing the management of ureteral injury is the presence of associated complications. Blandy et al. sustained to attempt repair of these complicated iatrogenic injuries as soon the diagnosis has been made.