Efficacy of ivermectin against goat warbles (Przhevalskiana silenus Brauer).
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Biomedical subjects
A Giangaspero
Publications and source records attributed to A Giangaspero.
Infection by the warble fly Przhevalskiana silenus Brauer, 1858, in the Italian goats. An update up to 1988.
This paper is a review of the work done at the University of Bari on the goat warble fly Przhevalskiana silenus Brauer, 1858. It reports data concerning taxonomy, biology, and epidemiology of the goat warble fly, as well as therapy against the infection. Grunin in 1962, and later Madel in 1969, were the first researchers to reach the conclusion that the three species of Przhevalskiana up to then recognized--namely P. silenus, P. aegagri, and P. crossii--should be unified in just one--Przhevalskiana silenus. The genetical studies conducted by us on the third instar larvae with the use of 9 gene-enzyme systems confirmed the assumption that P. silenus is the only species which parasitizes goats. Studies were conducted on the external life-cycle of the parasite with the purpose of elucidating the relationship existing among time of dropping, length of time needed for adults to emerge from pupae, and temperature of the environment. Both total sum of temperature and length of time seem to play an important role in determining the duration of the pupal stage. Epidemiological data derived from a two-year survey carried out in six infected groups of goats are also reported. The interrelationship existing among prevalence, mean intensity, variance, variance/mean rate, and parameter K of the negative binomial are presented. It appears that age, parameter K, and variance of infection intensity are closely related. A trial experiment was also carried out to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin against a natural infection with P. silenus larvae. A single subcutaneous injection of 1% ivermectin was given, at doses of 50, 100 or 200 micrograms/kg b.w. The drug was found to be fully effective at all three doses.
Animals↗
Palliative chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with mitoxantrone, Lipiodol, and Gelfoam. A phase II study.
Transcatheter chemoembolization, in conjunction with various drugs, has been widely used for palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A phase II study was carried out on mitoxantrone chemoembolization. High risk cirrhotic patients were excluded from this study. Fourteen mg/m2 mitoxantrone and up to 20 ml Lipiodol were injected, followed by Gelfoam embolization as indicated. Thirty-seven patients (33 with cirrhosis) were treated. Sixty-nine cycles were delivered, with mean (+/-SD) Lipiodol and emulsified mitoxantrone doses of 11.3+/-3.8 ml and 11.8+/-5.2 mg, respectively. Thirteen, 16, and 8 patients received one, two, and three cycles, respectively, with time intervals of 123+/-60 days. Thirty patients received Gelfoam embolization at the first cycle, 9 at the second and 4 at the third. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Complications were mild and transient, including nausea/vomiting in most cases, fever over 38 degrees C 67%, pain 74%, ascites 8%, jaundice 3%, bleeding 3%, pancreatitis 3%, myelosuppression 44%, diarrhea 5%. Treatment response rate was 49% (including 16% minor responses) with 16% early progressions. With a median follow-up of 12 months, the 12-month response duration and survival rates were 56% and 79% respectively. Transcatheter chemoembolization with mitoxantrone appears to be a promising method for the palliation of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, and deserves to be evaluated in well controlled randomized studies.
Antineoplastic Agents↗