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Biomedical subjects

A Govind

Publications and source records attributed to A Govind.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Do polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scan indicate decreased insulin sensitivity in sisters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, altered lipid profile, and therefore with subsequently increased risk for metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It has been reported that sisters of probands with PCOS, who themselves had PCOS or hyperandrogenemia with normal menses, were more insulin resistant than unaffected sisters. We have previously reported that 60% of first-degree relatives (premenopausal mothers and sisters) of PCOS probands had polycystic ovaries (PCO) on ultrascan. Sisters with PCO were more likely to have oligomenorrhea and increased androgen levels than sisters without PCO. The aims of this study were to assess insulin sensitivity status [homeostasis model of assessment, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, glucose to insulin ratio (G/I)] and lipid profiles in probands with PCOS and their sisters with PCO and without PCO on ultrascan. Mixed model hierarchical regression analysis, to accommodate the nonindependent nature of the subjects (family relationships), with the three groups together did not show significant differences in insulin sensitivity, calculated as quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, homeostasis model of assessment, and G/I for PCOS probands, through sisters with PCO on ultrascan, to sisters without PCO on ultrascan. There was a significant association of measures of insulin sensitivity with body mass index. Lipid parameters did not differ between the groups. These data suggest that presence of PCO on ultrasound scan per se does not predispose to reduced insulin sensitivity in sisters of women with PCOS. Because about 20% of premenopausal women in the general population have PCO on ultrascan, and obesity/overweight is becoming more prevalent, it is important that future studies take full account of the contribution made by obesity to risk factors for metabolic/vascular complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families.

The aim of this study was to obtain evidence for the genetic basis of polycystic ovaries (PCO) and premature male pattern baldness (PMPB) by screening first-degree relatives of women affected by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Because of the high prevalence of PCO in the general population, we also studied first-degree relatives of ten asymptomatic control volunteers of reproductive age. The probands were recruited prospectively from infertility and endocrine clinics, where they presented with various clinical symptoms of PCOS. Each had PCO, on transvaginal ultrasound scan. The families of 29 probands and 10 volunteers agreed to take part in the study. Clinical, ultrasound, and biochemical parameters were used to define PCO/PCOS. All female relatives had an ovarian ultrasound scan and hormone profile performed. History was used to assign status in postmenopausal women. All male relatives were assessed for early onset (<30 yr old) male pattern baldness, by photographs. All relatives were assigned affected (PCO/PMPB) or nonaffected status, and segregation analysis was performed. Of the relatives of 29 PCOS probands, 15 of 29 mothers (52%), 6 of 28 fathers (21%), 35 of 53 sisters (66%), and 4 of 18 brothers (22%) were assigned affected status. First-degree female relatives of affected individuals had a 61% chance of being affected. Of the first-degree male relatives, 22% were affected. Of a total of 71 siblings of PCOS probands, 39 were affected, giving a segregation ratio of 39/32 (55%), which is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance for PCO/PMPB. In the control families, 1 of 10 probands (10%), 1 of 10 mothers (10%), no fathers, 2 of 13 sisters (15%), and 1 of 11 brothers (9%) were affected. Of a total of 24 siblings, 3 were affected (13%), giving a segregation ratio (observed/expected) of 3/12, which was significantly different from autosomal dominant inheritance. The inheritance of PCO and PMPB is consistent with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in PCOS families, perhaps caused by the same gene. There was no such genetic influence in families of women without PCOS. Sisters of PCOS probands with polycystic ovarian morphology were more likely to have menstrual irregularity and had larger ovaries and higher serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels than sisters without PCO. This suggests a spectrum of clinical phenotype in PCOS families. Men with PMPB had higher serum testosterone than those without. Collectively, these data are consistent with a role for genetic differences in androgen synthesis, metabolism, or action in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Outcome of twin pregnancies complicated by a single intrauterine death: a comparison with viable twin pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the perinatal and maternal outcomes in twin pregnancies when a single intrauterine death occurs. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study. Comparison was made to viable twin pregnancies. RESULTS: Of a total 34,804 live deliveries, 342 were documented as twin births at a gestation of greater than 20 weeks (incidence 0.98%). Of the twin pregnancies over this period, 20 (5.85%) were complicated by a single intrauterine death. There was an increase in the incidence of congenital structural abnormalities among those twins dying in utero as compared to uneventful twin pregnancies (25 versus 0.3%; P < .001). A significant proportion of these twin pregnancies had monochorionic placentas (35 versus 9%; P < .001) and were admitted to special care units (70 versus 5.6%; P < .001) as compared to the normal twin sample. Maternal morbidity has previously been described as being increased. Although there was an increased risk of nonproteinuric and mild pregnancy-induced hypertension, no adverse maternal effects of conservative management were noted in this study. CONCLUSION: The risk of a single fetal death in twin pregnancies is increased with a monochorionic placenta or a structural abnormality. Conservative management and regular surveillance seem advisable.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1989

Impact of freeze drying on drug resistance pattern of few Escherichia coli strains.

Drug resistant strains of E. coli were freeze dried for long term preservation. Certain drug resistance markers were maintained after freeze drying while others were not. Streptomycin and sulphonamide resistance markers resisted freeze drying. Ampicillin, cephelaxin and neomycin resistances developed very frequently and except gentamicin all the markers were lost in varying percentage after freeze drying.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1989

Retinal hemorrhages in newborn.

Two hundred and fifty eight newborn babies were studied for the presence of retinal hemorrhages between 1-3 days of birth. The overall incidence of retinal hemorrhages was found to be 18.9%. It was observed that the incidence of retinal hemorrhages was higher in unassisted vaginal deliveries than in assisted births. Also, a two fold higher incidence was noted in term infants as compared to preterm babies. No association was seen with birth asphyxia.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1985

Aphakic macular edema: some observations on prevention and pathogenesis.

A prospective controlled trial of topical 0.1% dexamethasone drops was undertaken with the purpose of determining its efficacy in the prevention of aphakic macular edema. Of the 56 eyes studied specifically at the second and sixth postoperative weeks, none of the 28 in the steroid group showed macular edema, whereas the incidence in the nonsteroid group was 17.1% (P less than .01). The study highlights the role of steroids in reducing the incidence of postoperative macular as well as corneal edema. On the basis of earlier evidence and our observations on the conjunctival hyperfluorescence, the hypothesis for the genesis of macular edema has been modified.

Aged↗