Costs and benefits of the use of commercial market research approaches in large scale surveys.
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Australia↗
Biomedical subjects
A Green
Publications and source records attributed to A Green.
Establishment and characterization of four Sinclair swine cutaneous malignant melanoma cell lines.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma of Sinclair Swine (SSCM) is a heritable, congenital neoplasm which either proves fatal to the neonatal animal or undergoes spontaneous regression. Four SSCM cell lines, UISO-SSCM-433, UISO-SSCM-438, UISO-SSCM-5052, and UISO-SSCM-8093, were derived from biopsy specimens of primary tumors removed from swine at 26, 8, and 8 weeks of age, and 15 weeks gestation, respectively. Morphologic features, DOPA oxidase staining, and abnormal karyotype were suggestive of malignant melanoma. Each cell line was morphologically heterogeneous in culture with dendritic, spindle- and cuboidal-shaped cells. Pigmented melanosomes and DOPA oxidase activity were present in all cell lines at passages 20-22. UISO-SSCM-433 and UISO-SSCM-5052 contained hypodiploid and hypotetraploid sublines whereas UISO-SSCM-438 and UISO-SSCM-8093 were hypodiploid and hypotetraploid, respectively. At later passages, all cell lines presented evolutionary, karyotypic changes; the same chromosomes were involved in the alterations, however. Chromosomes 2, 6, 13, and 14 were the most affected, exhibiting numerical and structural alterations in all four cell lines. Despite the presence of multiple chromosomal anomalies in all cell lines, each with a unique set of chromosomal markers, clonal growth was not detected in soft agar, nor were any of the lines tumorigenic following s.c. inoculation in athymic mice. This suggests that the loss of malignant potential in SSCM may be inherent.
Animals↗
Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay.
All death records in Australia during the period 1964-1985 were analyzed to compare mortality from melanoma in immigrants and Australian-born individuals, and to investigate changes in risk in the immigrants according to their duration of stay and age at arrival. About 450,000 deaths were from cancer, and risks of melanoma were estimated by logistic regression relative to those of the Australian-born, with deaths from other cancers used as controls. Estimates were adjusted for age at death, time period, birth cohort, and state of registration of death in Australia. Region of birth was defined as New Zealand, other Oceania, England, Ireland/Scotland/Wales (including Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Asia, or Eastern Asia, bearing in mind that many migrants born in Asia were of European descent. Overall, migrants from outside Oceania were at lower risk than the Australian-born, and the lowest risks in males were in Southern Europeans and Eastern Asians, reflecting the protective effect of a darker complexion. Risk of melanoma was related both to duration of stay in Australia and to age at arrival; although their relative importance cannot be measured, the patterns of change suggested that childhood migration may be more important in determining risk than number of years in Australia. The authors believe this study to be based on the largest data set ever used in migrant studies, and note that the previously found differences in melanoma risk between immigrants and Australian-born remained after adjustment for major temporal and geographic confounders. The results confirm the importance of the interaction between environmental and genetic risk factors in the etiology of melanoma.
Age Factors↗
Incidence of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB ACE Study.
EURODIAB ACE is a collaborative European study that was set up to assess incidence of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Europe, test the proposal of a south-north gradient, and to gather information to determine the causes and pathogenesis of the disease. Here, the basic epidemiological results are reported. Newly diagnosed cases of IDDM in children aged up to 15 years were identified prospectively in twenty-four geographically well-defined study regions in Europe and Israel (a total of 16.8 million children) during 1989 and 1990. 3060 cases were identified with estimated ascertainment rates exceeding 90% in all study regions. Age-standardised and sex-standardised incidence rates varied widely, ranging from 4.6 (northern Greece) to 42.9 (two regions in Finland) cases per 100,000 per year. Rates in southern Europe were generally higher than previously assumed, and there was an unexpectedly high incidence in Sardinia, which had the second highest rate (30.2 cases per 100,000 per year) recorded in Europe. Eastern European regions had generally low rates. The collaborative network now established provides a framework for further studies to examine the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the cause and pathogenesis of IDDM.
Adolescent↗
Gi down-regulation as a mechanism for heterologous desensitization in adipocytes.
Prolonged incubation of rat adipocytes with (-)N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA) (an A1 adenosine receptor agonist) leads to down-regulation of each of the three subtypes of Gi (Green, A., Johnson, J. L., and Milligan, G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5206-5210). To determine whether other inhibitors of adenylylcyclase would have similar actions, we incubated adipocytes in primary culture with PIA, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), or nicotinic acid. After various times cells were homogenized, and crude membrane fractions were analyzed on Western blots using antipeptide antisera to alpha- and beta-subunits of G-proteins (SG1 (which binds to alpha i1 and alpha i2), I3B (which binds to alpha i3), BN2 (binds to beta-subunits) and CS1 (recognizes forms of alpha s)). PIA and PGE1 caused approximately 90% down-regulation of alpha i1 and alpha i3, and about 50% loss of alpha i2 and beta-subunits. In contrast, nicotinic acid at concentrations up to 1 mM had no effect on levels of any of these Gi subtypes. None of the compounds altered levels of either a 43- or 47-kDa form of alpha s. PIA caused about a 50% decrease in binding of [3H]DPCPX (an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist), indicating adenosine receptor down-regulation; however, neither PGE1 nor nicotinic acid treatment altered [3H]DPCPX binding. None of the treatments affected the activity of adenylylcyclase when measured in the presence of 100 microM forskolin and 10 mM Mn2+, indicating that the catalytic subunit of adenylylcyclase is not altered. To determine whether Gi down-regulation results in heterologous desensitization, we incubated adipocytes with maximally effective concentrations of PIA (300 nM), PGE1 (3 microM), or nicotinic acid (1 mM) for 4 days. The cells were then washed and incubated for an additional 30 min with various concentrations of these compounds to determine their ability to inhibit lipolysis. PIA caused a (marked) decrease in the sensitivity of the cells to both PIA and PGE1, thus indicating heterologous desensitization. Similarly, PGE1 decreased the sensitivity of the cells to both PGE1 and PIA, again demonstrating heterologous desensitization. In contrast, prolonged incubation with nicotinic acid decreased the sensitivity of the cells to nicotinic acid but had no effect on the sensitivity of the cells to PIA. Adenylylcyclase in membranes from PGE1-treated cells showed decreased sensitivity to inhibition by PIA. In contrast, adenylylcyclase showed normal sensitivity to PIA in membranes from nicotinic acid-treated cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adenylyl Cyclases↗
Fumarylacetoacetase activity in cultured and non-cultured chorionic villus cells, and assay in two high-risk pregnancies.
We describe further development of the fumarylacetoacetase (FAA) assay for the prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinaemia type 1 using chorionic villus sampling (CVS). We have established a reference range for FAA activity in cultured villus cells and have confirmed previously reported data on the FAA activity in uncultured chorionic villus cells. This should allow confirmation of results using CVS, without the need for further invasive procedures. We report the FAA enzyme stability at -70 degrees C, +4 degrees C, and at room temperature, and we have shown no obvious difference in enzyme activity with gestational age. We have analysed cultured and non-cultured CVS activity of FAA in two pregnancies at risk of tyrosinaemia type 1. In both, the fetus was designated unaffected, and these results were confirmed postnatally.
Cells, Cultured↗
A theory of site distribution of melanomas: Queensland, Australia.
Although sun exposure is believed to be associated causally with cutaneous melanoma, the high incidence on less sun-exposed areas such as the back, as well as on chronically exposed sites such as the face, suggests that the association with sunlight is less straightforward than for other skin cancers. To explain this enigmatic site distribution, a theory of site-dependent susceptibility of melanocytes to malignant transformation is proposed. As possible evidence, all melanomas diagnosed in the state of Queensland, Australia, over a one-year period were surveyed for histologic evidence of benign melanocytic nevus cells adjacent to the melanoma, and analyzed according to anatomic distribution. Results showed a regional variation in the proportion of melanomas with adjacent nevi not explicable by regional variation in nevus density, which suggests that there is a varying susceptibility of nevi to malignant change. Given that nevus cells are equivalent to melanocytes, this finding would support the hypothesis that melanocytes at-large have a differential response to the mitogenic stimulus of sunlight according to anatomic site.
Adult↗
Increasing incidence of early onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a study of Danish male birth cohorts.
To provide information of the incidence trends of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus we performed a cohort study of a series of Danish male birth cohorts. All male livebirths in Denmark between 1 January 1949 and 31 December 1964, were investigated regarding the development of Type 1 diabetes during the first 20 years of life using the files of the Danish Conscript Board, supplemented by a search in the Danish National Registry of Deaths. Diagnosis was verified and clinical information obtained from medical records. The material is estimated to be more than 95% complete. A total of 1705 diabetic subjects were identified of whom 23 were not representative of idiopathic Type 1 diabetes. The cumulative rate of Type 1 diabetes development during the first 20 years of life increased from 2.37 to 2.90 per 1000 for the first eight and last eight birth cohorts, respectively. A log-linear analysis of the incidence revealed significantly increasing incidence rates, independent of age effects, with a maximum in the late 1970's. About 75% of the cases presented short duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, and only very few cases were diagnosed incidentally. Cases were diagnosed relatively less frequently during summer months than during winter months.
Adolescent↗
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata--a new clinical variant.
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Acyltransferases↗
Sun exposure in Australian adolescents.
BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the sun-related behavior of teenagers despite the considerable resources spent to decrease sun exposure in this age group. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe the sun exposure behavior of Australian adolescents and define characteristics that predict use of sun protection. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 972 school students 13 to 15 years of age from three different locations in Australia (two urban and one rural) using a diary to document sun exposure and sun protection on two consecutive weekends. RESULTS: More than 80% of adolescent boys in each place and more than 60% of adolescent girls in both of the large cities spent more than 2 hours outdoors during the peak ultraviolet (UV) periods on each weekend. Neither sunscreen nor hats were used for more than half the time spent in the sun; however, shirts were worn most of the time. Students who wore hats were more likely to be boys (odds ratios [OR] = 2.2, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.40 to 3.44) and live in the rural region (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 2.36 to 9.04). Students who used sunscreen tended to have skin that sunburned easily (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.27 to 7.88) and score highly on the knowledge questions (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.46-5.69). This model was not a good predictor of behavior on a subsequent weekend, possibly because behavior was highly variable, with 35% to 50% of students changing their pattern of protection use from one weekend to the next. CONCLUSION: Adolescents spend long periods on summer weekends in the sun and do not follow recommended sun protection guidelines. The high variability of sun-related behavior makes modeling and consequent development of education programs a difficult task.
Adolescent↗
Clarification of the dual task dilemma: lateralized effects for perfunctory and purposeful tasks in left- and right-handed males.
The hypothesis that behavioral asymmetries with the dual task paradigm represent manual dominance was investigated with right- and left-handed males performing verbal and spatial tasks ordered by complexity. Lateralization was assessed for nonideational (perfunctory) and ideational (purposeful) components of tasks with multivariate and ANCOVA procedures. The outcomes of prerequisite tests showed the assumptions for conducting ANCOVA procedures were not satisfied with different handedness groups in the same design. However, results of the multivariate analyses suggest lateralized effects are more likely to represent the cognitive task when interference is high and may represent manual dominance when interference is low.
Adult↗
Acute open reduction and rigid internal fixation of proximal interphalangeal joint fracture dislocation.
We report the application and results of a technique of open reduction and rigid internal fixation of dorsal fracture/dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint with an interfragmentary screw in two cases. Articular congruity was restored, and the proximal interphalangeal joint was stabilized. This technique permitted immediate range-of-motion exercises. Excellent results were obtained in both cases. Previous descriptions have not detailed the indications, the surgical approach, or the results of this technique.
Adolescent↗
How nurses can ensure the sounds patients hear have a positive rather than negative effect upon recovery and quality of life.
A number of studies imply that control of a patient's auditory environment can generate an improvement in recovery and quality of life. The evidence suggests nurses have the ability to control their patients' auditory environment and in so doing can reduce factors which contribute to physical and psychological instability. Through communication nurses are able to humanise treatment, deter ignorance and cement personal relationships of mutual trust between patients and their families. Reference to nursing unconscious patients in Intensive Therapy Units (ITU) indicates how nurses can relate theory to practice and ensure a positive rather than negative experience of recovery by regulating and influencing the sounds patients hear.
Critical Care↗
Risk analysis in the development of pterygia.
PURPOSE: No detailed analysis of risk factors in the development of pterygia has been previously performed. In this report, the authors identify and quantify these risk factors. METHODS: In a case-control study, 278 patients treated in a Brisbane hospital for primary pterygium between 1973 and 1978 were compared with a similar number of people without pterygium who were matched for age, race, and sex, using information from a standard questionnaire completed during a personal interview. RESULTS: Risk of pterygium was increased among patients who, in their third decade of life, worked outdoors in an environment with high surface reflectance of ultraviolet light compared with those who worked indoors. The elevation of risk was raised several hundred-fold among those subjects who worked mainly on sand compared with those who worked indoors when results were adjusted for associated risk factors. When risk was measured among subjects who worked in an environment that was mainly concrete, risk was increased almost 20-fold. Those subjects who spent their first 5 years of life at latitudes less than 30 degrees had almost 40 times the risk of pterygium than those living at latitudes greater than 40 degrees; spending the majority of times outdoors in these earliest years was associated with a 20-fold increase in risk of developing pterygium. There was a strong protective element in the wearing of regular glasses, sunglasses, or a hat. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong suggestion of a causal relationship between ultraviolet light exposure and the development of pterygia during the early years of life and the cumulative exposure over the next 2 to 3 decades in occupations in which there is a high component of reflected ultraviolet light.
Adolescent↗
Relationships between DNA damage and the survival of radiosensitive mutant Chinese hamster cell lines exposed to gamma-radiation. Part 1: Intrinsic radiosensitivity.
In this study we used the neutral elution technique (at pH 9.6) to compare the efficiency of DNA double-strand break (dsb) induction and cell killing in two radiosensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, EM9 and NM2, and their parent cell line, AA8, after exposure to low doses (2.5-12 Gy) of 137Cs gamma-radiation. The survival curves indicated that at all radiation doses examined EM9 cells were the most radiosensitive and AA8 cells were the least radiosensitive. We found significant differences among the three cell lines in the neutral elution assay. While NM2 cells showed the same immediate postirradiation dose response for DNA damage as the parent cell line, EM9 cells showed a two-fold greater elution rate than AA8 cells per unit dose. Either the dsb induction efficiency was greater in EM9 than in AA8 cells, or the same frequency of dsb in EM9 and AA8 cells gave rise to a different DNA elution rate, perhaps because of differences in their chromatin structure. We also used a mitotic selection technique to examine the duration of the gamma-ray-induced mitotic delay in the three cell lines. Mitotic delay was less severe in NM2 cells than in AA8 cells, but was significantly longer in EM9 cells than in AA8 cells. Thus the measurements obtained using both neutral elution and mitotic selection suggest that the underlying molecular bases of the radiosensitivity of EM9 and NM2 cells are very different.
Animals↗
A thermal clearance probe for continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow.
Thermal clearance has been used as a measure of tissue blood flow for over 60 years. We have developed a probe which can be used to monitor cerebral cortical thermal clearance in patients suffering from acute neurosurgical disorders. Despite its limitations of size, invasiveness, small sample volume, and difficult quantification it has proved a reliable method, showing a good correlation between measured thermal clearance and the onset of clinical signs of ischaemia.
Adult↗
Breast feeding and the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
A case-control study was conducted to study the proposed inverse relationship between breast feeding and incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. All Danish diabetic men born in Copenhagen during 1959-1964 and/or residing there for the first year of life (n = 119) were identified and a search made for their post-natal health visitor records. These include data on birth weight, birth length, immunizations, and feeding habits. A total of 77 cases were re-identified. No differences were found with respect to clinical characteristics between these cases and those not identified. For each diabetic subject, two control children with date of birth identical to the diabetic cases were drawn from health visitor records. Cases and controls did not differ with respect to maternal age, or birth weight or length. Overall, the statistical analysis failed to confirm the hypothesis of an association between duration of breast feeding and subsequent diabetes risk.
Adult↗
Hypophosphatasia: a family study involving a case diagnosed from gingival crevicular fluid.
Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder characterized by defective mineralization of the skeletal and dental structures of the body and deficient liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) activity. There has been a tremendous advance in our knowledge of this condition over the last decade due to the advent of highly specific DNA probes and novel microanalytic techniques. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to review the dental aspects of current literature about this rare condition; to present a case (and family study) that was diagnosed in a 5-yr-old boy from 0.14 microliters of gingival crevicular fluid, using a new ultrasensitive chemiluminescent assay for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase; and to provide strong evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Adamantane↗