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Biomedical subjects

A Hanai

Publications and source records attributed to A Hanai.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

[Predictions of the incidence of cancer in Japan in the year 2000].

The incidence of cancer in Japan in the year 2000 was predicted according to sex, age-group, and primary site, using the annual incidence data in the Osaka Cancer Registry for 1966-83 and the annual standardized mortality ratio of Osaka residents to all residents of Japan in 1966-83. (1) The incidence of cancer in Japan in the year 2000 was predicted to reach 479,500 cases (365.5 per 100,000 population), or a 1.66-fold increase over that of 1985. Forty-nine percent of these cases would be aged 70 years or older. (2) As for the 5 leading cancer sites in the year 2000, out of this total of 479,500 cancer cases, 80,300 were estimated to occur in the lung, 77,200 in the stomach, 45,200 in the colon, 35,500 in the liver and 28,000 in the breast.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.

A trend in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan was studied from the data of the Osaka Cancer Registry (population, 8,512,351 in 1981) for the period of 1963-1983, the Vital Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Japan Autopsy Registry which contained 594,132 individually filed cases in the 26-year period from 1958 to 1983. Both cancer registry data and autopsy records showed a more than 2-fold increase in HCC incidence, particularly in the last 10 years or so, among males and a less pronounced increase in females. The same trend was borne out by the cancer registries of Nagasaki City and Miyagi Prefecture and the Vital Statistics. When studied with the autopsy data, it was found that the numbers of autopsies for cirrhosis without HCC and autopsies for HCC (with and without cirrhosis) were about the same in 1958-1961 and that currently (1980-1983) the latter is about 2 times the former. As one of the possible causes of increase in HCC incidence other than prolonged survival of patients with cirrhosis, chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Concordance of histological classification of lung cancer with special reference to adenocarcinoma in Osaka, Japan, and the North-West Region of England.

In routinely collected data adenocarcinoma of the lung appeared to be 3 times more frequent in Osaka, Japan, than in the North-Western (NW) Region of England (Manchester). Before embarking on comparative epidemiological studies, it was decided to investigate the comparability of histological diagnosis. Specimens from 60 NW Region lung cancer patients and 52 Osaka patients were exchanged and reviewed. The entire material was then independently assessed by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Histological Classification of Tumours. The interpretation of the WHO Classification (WHO, 1981) by the NW Region and by Osaka was upheld by the WHO Collaborating Centre in 89% and 93% of all cases and in 97% and 100% of adenocarcinoma cases respectively. Agreement between the 2 centres was 88% for the main cell types. Differences in the frequency of adenocarcinoma of lung between the NW Region and Osaka are thus not due to diagnostic artefact and require further exploration. The aetiological implications of the finding that many Chinese and Japanese women with lung adenocarcinoma do not smoke (77% in Osaka) are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Estimation of the number of cancer survivors according to site in Japan.

Based on incidence and survival data from the Osaka Cancer Registry, the numbers of cancer survivors were estimated by site in this study. The method used for estimation of survivors from all sites of cancer in the previous study was simplified further by not subdividing the data according to age-group. The observation period was the 25 years from 1960 to 1984. The number of incident cancers at all sites that occurred during the 25 years was estimated as 4,776,100. The leading sites of incidence during this 25-year period were the stomach (1,612,000), lung (427,100), and liver (329,100) for both sexes. The number of total cancer survivors on January 1, 1985 was estimated as 1,009,100. Among males, stomach cancer survivors accounted for 45% (180,100) of all survivors. The next most common sites were the rectum (7%, 27,000) and colon (6%, 25,600). Among females, the leading sites were the uterus (26%, 157,600), breast (22%, 132,100) and stomach (18%, 106,800). Most of the cancer survivors living at not more than 5 years after diagnosis were assumed to be receiving some kind of cancer medical care and were therefore regarded as an approximation of what is generally called "cancer prevalence." The number in this category for all sites was estimated as 417,900. The sites showing the largest numbers of these short-term survivors were again the stomach, followed by the rectum and colon among males, and the breast, uterus, and stomach among females. The reliability and utility of the results are discussed. The results are compared with other recently reported registry data from other countries and with other estimated data in Japan.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Second primary cancers following female breast cancer in Osaka, Japan--a population-based cohort study.

Using the data accumulated in the Osaka Cancer Registry, a cohort study was conducted on the occurrence of second primary cancers following the first breast cancer in females. Of the 9,503 breast cancer patients newly diagnosed in the period 1965-1982 who were followed up until the end of 1983 (average follow-up period, 5.7 years), 344 developed second cancers, whereas the expected number had been 211 (relative risk (RR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-1.8). The increased risk was observed throughout the observation period, and was higher in patients of less than 45 years of age at diagnosis than in older women. Significant excess risks were found for second cancers of the opposite breast (RR = 4.2; 95% CI = 3.4-5.2), buccal cavity (RR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.6-7.2), stomach (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2-1.8), colon (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1) and thyroid gland (RR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.5-6.1). The effects of chemo- and radiotherapy administered for initial breast cancer on the increased risk of the above mentioned second cancers were also examined. These therapeutic measures were found not likely to be related to the excess risks for cancers of the buccal cavity, stomach and colon. For second cancer of the opposite breast, however, both chemotherapy and radiotherapy remained as possible risk factors. The effect of radiation was proposed as being a likely explanation for the excess risk of second thyroid cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Second primary carcinomas in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.

Three hundred fifty-one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus received radiation therapy between 1953 and 1984. Nine subsequently developed cancers in other organs than the maxillary sinus, and five squamous cell carcinomas occurred in the second maxillary sinus. Analysis by the person-year approach suggested a remarkably increased risk of 67 times for second sinus cancer and no additional increased risk of cancers to other organs, such as the upper aerodigestive tract.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1986

Estimation of the number of cancer survivors in Japan.

Cancer prevalence statistics are necessary for cancer control programs. Although a long-term cancer registry keeps files which cover incidence, prevalence and cured cases, the latter two categories are difficult to distinguish from each other. The Connecticut and the Finnish Cancer Registries therefore defined the sum of these two groups as "prevalence." The authors estimated the numbers and rates of survivors from cancer ("prevalence") in Japan as of January 1, 1985, based on the number of cancer patients for all sites diagnosed since 1960. The number of cancer patients in Japan diagnosed during the period from 1960 to 1984 was estimated to be 4,686,352 (both sexes). Of these, the number of cancer survivors as of January 1, 1985 was estimated to be 952,870 (both sexes). Among the survivors, 430,940 were diagnosed in the final five years from 1980-84. The results were compared with those reported from the USA and Finland.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Occurrence of second primary cancers among patients with cervical cancer in Osaka, Japan.

Using the data accumulated in the Osaka Cancer Registry, we conducted a study on the effect of radiotherapy for cervical cancer in causing second primary cancers. Two groups of patients with cervical cancer, 1,767 who were given radiotherapy and 1,377 who were not, were followed for 7-9 years on average. In the radiotherapy group, 79 women had second primaries, and in the nonradiotherapy group, 23 did. These figures were compared with the expected cancer incidence for all sites. In the radiotherapy group, a significantly high observed-to-expected ratio was noted in cancers of the rectum, lung, and bladder. The nonradiotherapy group showed no site with a significantly high observed-to-expected ratio. Factors causing the increased level of lung cancer were studied. Some evidence indicated the excess was probably not related to smoking but to radiation, although the mechanism is unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Association of second primary leukemias with the method of treatment of the first primary cancer.

A case-control study of the association between chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for the first primary cancer and the second primary leukemia was made. All leukemia cases were collected from the cancer patients' file of the Osaka Cancer Registry which listed more than 220,000 cases during the 1965-82 period. Among the 2,765 leukemia patients, 46 had other (first) cancers. Two controls were selected from the cancer patients' file for each of the first primary cancers of 46 cases, with which they were matched in age, sex, cancer site, date of diagnosis, size of the treating hospital and survival period. Comparing the method of treatment of the first primary cancer in the cases and the controls, the proportion of patients treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was significantly higher among the cases than among the controls when the interval of the two primary cancers was 5 years or more.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Survival rate as an index in evaluating cancer control.

A WHO/IARC Expert Committee on Cancer Statistics (1979) reported that it is of increasing importance to make comparisons of survival experience between countries. Unfortunately, there may be insufficient uniformity between different regions with regard to the criteria or classifications used and to registry policy and methods. The study of time trends in survival is complicated by changes in the degree of case reporting to registries, by the increasing number of cancer patients found by screening programmes, and by changes over time in definitions or coding rules of cancer site, stage, histology and even diagnosis. Such problems are inevitable in the medical field, which is evolving continually. Analysis of such data has, however, made important contributions in the field. Survival rates present problems and limitations; however, the overall results from population-based cancer registries are more representative of the general pattern of survival from cancer than those from hospitals (WHO/IARC Expert Committee on Cancer Statistics, 1979). Interesting though a hospital patient series may be, it should be kept in mind that the real efficacy of a cancer control programme can be judged only from population figures.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Time trends in cancer incidence in Osaka].

Changes in environments and life styles in Japan have caused the recent changes in the time trends of cancer incidence for various sites. Using the data from the Osaka Cancer Registry, time trends during 1966-80 were analysed for cancer incidence of the leading 5 sites: stomach, lung, liver, uterus and breast. Age-adjusted incidence rates of cancers of the stomach (both sexes) and uterus (invasive cancer) decreased to 75% and 64% respectively between the two periods of 1966-68 and 1978-80 while cancers of the lung, liver, and breast reached 163%, 140%, and 143 % during the same period. Decrease of stomach cancer incidence was observed in all age-groups under 79, however, not in the 25-44 age-groups among females. Analyzing the histological data in the registry, it was noticed that estimated incidence of the intestinal type of stomach carcinoma had decreased more rapidly than the diffuse type. In the 30-49 age-groups among females, no decrease was observed of the diffuse type of carcinoma. Concerning lung cancer, a marked increase was observed over 60 years of age. The age-specific incidence curves by birth cohort showed no or very small cohort effects for the population born 1920-29. Among males, percentages of adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma have increased and that of epidermoid carcinoma decreased. The change was more marked in the age-groups younger than 59. Liver cancer showed the 3rd highest incidence rate among males and 6th among females. A rising trend in recent years was noticeable over 45 years of age among males. For the invasive uterine carcinoma, the incidence rate has been decreasing in all ages. Comparing these figures with those of whites in Connecticut or of Japanese in Hawaii, the former was higher than the latter and the difference was larger in age-groups over 40. The recent age incidence curve of breast cancer in Osaka came to be close to that in Iceland in 1930-49 when the curve had kept a constant level for age-groups after menopause. Birth cohort effect was observed for in these age classes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Cancer mortality among Koreans in Osaka, Japan.

Using data from the Osaka Cancer Registry, we calculated age-standardized cancer mortality rates among Koreans and Japanese living in Osaka, Japan, during 1968-77. The following points were elucidated: 1) Among Koreans in Osaka, the mortality rate for liver cancer was about twice that among Japanese; 2) Among Koreans in Japan, the mortality rate of stomach cancer has been declining more rapidly than it has among Japanese. The factors involved in the Korean-Japanese difference of liver cancer and those involved in the rapid decrease of stomach cancer among Koreans in Japan are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Osaka.

Epidemiological aspects of thyroid cancer in cases registered at the Osaka Cancer Registry during 1966-77 were analyzed. Average incidence rate age-adjusted to the world population was 0.6 for males and 1.8 for females. The ratio of incidence to mortality was low in both sex groups over 55 years old. Histologically, papillary adenocarcinoma was most predominant (59%), followed by follicular adenocarcinoma (18%), adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (12%), and anaplastic carcinoma (7.4%). In the older age groups, the percentage of anaplastic carcinoma was relatively higher than that in the younger groups. Age-specific incidence rates were estimated and 5-year survival rates were calculated for each major histological type.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Cancer incidence in Japan in 1975 and changes of epidemiological features for cancer in Osaka.

The cancer incidence for all of Japan has been estimated for 1975 with the use of data accumulated for 2 or 3 years from the cancer registries participating in the Research Group. Stomach cancer incidence has decreased by 30% in Osaka from 1963 to 1977. Analysis of the histological distribution of this carcinoma demonstrated that 1) the incidence of the so-called "intestinal" type decreased more rapidly than that of the "diffuse" type, and 2) the intestinal type of carcinoma had a more favorable survival rate than has the diffuse type. However, the survival rate of stomach cancer in Osaka increased by 2.6 and 0.7% in males and females, respectively, during 1970-74 compared with that of 1965-70, probably because of early diagnosis and improved treatment. Correlation between age-adjusted cancer morbidity and mortality rates was observed in 30 site-sex samples in 11 districts in Osaka. Only 13 samples (43%) showed statistically significant correlations. Of 12 site-sex samples having survival rates of 20% or more, only one showed significant correlation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A method of record linkage.

In cancer epidemiology, prospective approaches are very important both in testing etiological hypotheses and in evaluating preventive procedures. Prospective studies, however, are very difficult and expensive, because a large number of people and a long period of observation are necessary for a satisfactory study. As a data source for follow-up studies, population-based cancer registry is very useful. The Osaka Cancer Registry has been in operation since December, 1962. Since 1968 the data processing, including the work of collation, has been semicomputerized. In order to identify cancer patients, we use the following six indices: date of birth, first Chinese character of a person's family name, address a: city, ward, town or village, address b: further details. i.e., street, avenue, section, hamlet etc., site, and sex. When we have data on the collation indices for the subjects to be followed up, we can conduct follow-up studies easily and accurately, using a semicomputerized collation method similar to that in the cancer registration system. Because the master file of the Osaka Cancer Registry contains the data of cancer cases reported and all cancer deaths among the residents of Osaka Prefecture, we can follow up the subjects living in Osaka Prefecture and obtain data about vitually all cancer incidences and deaths among them. In this follow-up method by means of record linkage to the cancer registry, some considerations should be taken into account for the following factors; coverage of cancer data in the Osaka Cancer Registry, reliability of the collation method, and address of the subjects to be followed up. As an example of a study with this method, we present the follow-up study of the screenees of a mass screening program for stomach cancer.

Computers↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of a mass screening program for stomach cancer.

To evaluate a mass screening program for stomach cancer, we followed 32,789 subjects for 6.1 years by means of a record linkage to a population-based cancer registry. The results show that the mortality from stomach cancer among those studied decreased by 9% as compared with the expected number calculated on the basis of the sex- and age-specific rates among the general population. When the study subjects were limited to those aged 40-59 years, the decrease in stomach cancer deaths became more marked, i.e., a 26% decrease was observed. Because this study is not a controlled trial, the results must be interpreted with the reservation that some biases were present in the study subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Descriptive epidemiology of cancer in Japan: current cancer incidence and survival data.

The Research Group for Population-Based Cancer Registration in Japan, which has been collecting cancer incidence and mortality data from participating registries annually since 1974, has also been estimating cancer incidence rates for the whole of Japan by sex, age, and site. Data from the third survey have now been analyzed. Marked changes have been observed by the Osaka Cancer Registry in incidence rates of some sites during this period. Five-year relative survival rates for registered cancer cases have been calculated by the Osaka Registry for the first time in Japan.

Adolescent↗