Biomedical subjects

A I Sow

Publications and source records attributed to A I Sow.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Class 2 integron-associated antibiotic resistance in Shigella sonnei isolates in Dakar, Senegal.

Forty-three Shigella sonnei isolates from adult patients with diarrhoea in Dakar were analysed for the presence of integrons. Isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin and spectinomycin. A high prevalence of class 2 integrons (93%) was found. These integrons showed three distinct structures: a class 2 integron, part of the Tn7 family and its derivatives, carrying four cassettes in the order dfrA1-sat-aadA1-orfX; a truncated class 2 integron, without orfX; and a third type ca. 4 kb in size. These class 2 integrons probably play a role in the spread of multiresistance in S. sonnei isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first description of class 2 integrons in S. sonnei isolated in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Cholera epidemic of 2004 in Dakar, Senegal: epidemiologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects].

During the cholera epidemic that occurred in Dakar, Senegal in 2004, we treated a total of 593 confirmed or suspected cases in our department. The purpose of this report is to describe epidemiologic, clinical, bacteriologic and therapeutic aspects of these cases. Study was conducted at the infectious diseases clinic from October 11 to December 20, 2004. Mean patient age was 30 years and the sex ratio was 133. The likely source of contamination was food or water intake in 92% of cases. The duration of the epidemic was short (75 days). Onset was sudden in 98% of cases and the main clinical manifestations were watery diarrhoea (95%) and vomiting (78%). The mean delay between symptoms and hospitalization was 11 hours and the number of stools before admission to the hospital was greater than 10 in 23% of cases. At the time of admission 119 patients (20.1%) were severely dehydrated. A total of 250 coprocultures were performed. Results were positive in 145 cases (58%) including 112 (44%) for Vibrio cholerae 01. Antibiotic testing carried out on 36 strains demonstrated excellent sensitivity to doxycycine and pefloxacine but resistance to cotrimoxazole, amoxicilline and chloramphenicol. Oral rehydration therapy was used in most cases (61%). The mortality rate was 0.5%. Cholera is a medical emergency that can have a favourable prognosis with properly organized management.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Current aspects of Salmonella bacteremia cases in the Ibrahima Diop Mar Infectious Diseases clinic, Fann National Hospital Center (Senegal)].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological aspects of Salmonella bacteremia in the Fann university hospital infectious diseases clinic. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This study was carried out on data recorded between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2003. The strains were identified according to biochemical (API 20E, BioMérieux) and antigenic features. Their susceptibility to antibiotic drugs was tested by antibiogram. Research of strains secreting of an extended-spectrum betalactamase was performed. RESULTS: Fifty five cases of Salmonella bacteremia were recorded as follows: S.Typhi bacteremia (32 cases), S. Paratyphi C bacteremia (4 cases), S. typhimurium bacteremia (9 cases), S. enteritidis bacteremia (32 cases) and S. spp bacteremia (8 cases). All the strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid and 90 % of them were susceptible to cotrimoxazole. Bacteremia occurred in 50 HIV infected patients (49%). Salmonella other than Typhi bacteremia were more often present in patients with HIV (81% vs 36% in patients without HIV infection) (P = 0.00001). The lethality rate was 42%. This rate was higher in patients with HIV (56 vs 23% in patients without infection) (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The lethality rate of Salmonella bacteremia is high, especially in AIDS patients. Therefore, priority must be given to prevention and chemoprophylaxis with cotrimoxazole should be a good way to reduce the incidence of bacteremia in AIDS patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

[Escherichia coli meningitis during bacteremia in the Ibrahima-Diop-Mar infectious diseases clinic, Dakar Fann National Hospital Center (Senegal)].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects of Escherichia coli bacteremia and meningitis in the Ibrahima-Diop-Mar infectious diseases clinic, Dakar Fann National Hospital Center (Senegal). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was collected from the bacteriology laboratory and hospitalization files. RESULTS: 57 cases of E. coli bacteremia were reported. Among them, 10 were associated with meningitis. AIDS was diagnosed in 74% of the cases. The global lethality rate was 47% but this rate was higher in cases of associated meningitis (80 vs 37%) and in AIDS patients (50 vs 27%). Ceftriaxone, aztreonam, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin were active on more than 95% of strains but cotrimoxazole was active on only 49% of the strains. Resistance to cotrimoxazole was higher among E. coli strains isolated from AIDS patients (62 vs 13%). CONCLUSION: The low susceptibility to cotrimoxazole might increase the incidence of E. coli infections among patients with AIDS. It is therefore important to find an alternative to cotrimoxazole chemoprophylaxis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2005

[Nosocomial bacteria: profiles of resistance].

Nosocomial infections may be parasitic, mycosal or viral, but bacterial infections are more frequent. They are transmitted by hands or by oral route. This paper describes the main bacteria responsive of nosocomial infections, dominated by Staphylococcus, enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The author relates natural and savage profiles of these bacterias, characterized by multiresistance due to large use of antibiotics. Knowledge of natural resistance and verification of aquired resistance permit to well lead probabilist antibiotherapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

[Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in the Dakar Fann University Hospital].

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this report was to describe epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological findings in cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Dakar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out on data recorded between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2002. The diagnosis of bacteremia was based on isolation of bacteria from blood culture. Bacterial susceptibility was studied with an antibiogram. Resistance to methicillin was assessed with a disk containing 5 microg of oxacillin on Mueller Hinton Agar containing 5% of NaCl. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty cases of S. aureus bacteremia were recorded. The mean age of patients was 31 years. Nosocomial bacteremia occurred in 22% of the cases. HIV infection was noted in 38 patients (29%). The death rate was 24%. Nosocomial and community-acquired strains were resistant to methicillin, respectively, in 72% and 51% of the cases. Bacteremias due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain were nosocomial infections in 23% of the cases. Most of the strains (80-100%) were susceptible to fusidic acid, gentamycin, erythromycin, and pefloxacin. All of them were susceptible to vancomycin. CONCLUSION: Such a high rate of MRSA bacteremia, in particular among nosocomial bacteremia, makes it essential to reinforce preventive measures in our hospitals and to provide them with effective drugs against MRSA, such as vancomycin.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Evaluation of E-test method in determination of susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to four antituberculosis drugs].

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of E-test method versus the standard proportion method, by testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to four antituberculosis drugs: rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol. Thirty strains isolated at Medical Biology Laboratory of Pasteur Institute of Dakar were tested. The strains were identified by morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics (microscopy, time of growth, type of colonies, catalase, niacin-test). H37RV strain was tested as reference strain. The E-test method was performed on 7H11 agar with OADC, and the standard proportion method was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen agar. With results of these tests, the authors determined the E-test sensitivity and specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV). E-test method gave correct results from the eighth day, with stability of the zone of inhibition until the 21st day. The E-test method has 73% of sensibility and 100% of specificity, with 100% of PPV and 78% of NPV for streptomycin. For isoniazid, these results are respectively: 16.6%, 100%, 100% and 82.7%. There was found a good correlation between the two methods.

Antitubercular Agents↗

PubMed2003

[Antibiotic resistance of the most frequently isolated germs at the Fann University Teaching Hospital between January 1999 and December 2000].

Bacterial infections take up an important place in tropical pathology and have an increased death-rate. Among the causes of this strong mortality, the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics keeps a dominant part. We carried out, between January 1999 and December 2000 a study aiming to establish the distribution of the most frequently isolated germs at the Laboratory of Bacteriology of Fann Hospital, their sensibility to antibiotics and the different phenotypes of resistance. We noticed a predominance of enterobacteria (69.30%), notably Escherichia coli (56.76%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (47.69%), but also Staphylococcus aureus (13.91%). Enterobacteria present 39.7% of resistant phenotypes to beta-lactams (E. coli: 61.75% and K. pneumoniae: 47.69%). Only the third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolons are constantly actives on enterobacteria, and 69% of S. aureus strains are resistant to methicillin, and so to all beta-lactams. Pseudomonas aeruginosa become difficult to overcome: 51.13% of the strains produce beta-lactamase. The quinolons are the most active antibiotics on this germ. It is very important to settle network that will be in charge to survey the evolution of these bacterial resistances.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

[Resistance of bacteria and antibiotic prescription in Fann University Teaching Hospital, Dakar].

The objective of this study conducted in Fann University Teaching Hospital in Dakar, is to establish correlation beetwen the prescription and consummation of antibiotics in the one hand, and the susceptibility of strains isolated in this hospital on the other hand. An interview of medical practitioners and pharmacists was realised to appreciate the antibiotics used in the clinics, the bacteria taken aim, the criteria of choice, the place of antibiogram, the place of antibiotics in orders of medicines and pharmacists, the consummest family of antibiotics. In the lab, all of pathogen bacteria were tested by disc diffusion test (antibiogram) to appreciate the susceptibility to antibiotics. The results show that Enterobacteria represented 60.8% of isolates and among them, Escherichia coli (30.6%) was the most representative specie in hospitalized and non hospitalized patients. 52% of the strains of E. coli were susceptible to aminopenicillins in external patients, versus less than 35% in hospitalized. In Neurosurgery, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent bacteria and all of the strains were susceptible to imipenem, dibekacin and ciprofloxacin. Beta-lactams were the most used drugs in the first place (78.8%), related to habits of prescription of medical staff and to avaibility of antibiotics. The choice of antibiotics must take the susceptibility of strains into account.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

[Clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic aspects of meningococcal meningitis in Dakar in 1999].

Two major outbreaks of meningitis due Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A occurred in Senegal in 1998 and 1999. The purpose of this report is to describe clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic findings in 70 patients admitted for cerebrospinal meningitis to the Infectious Disease Clinic at the Fann University Teaching Hospital in Dakar in 1999. Diagnosis was based on direct microscopic examination after Gram staining in 71% of the cases, culture in 76%, and detection of soluble antigens in cerebrospinal fluid in 24%. Median patient age was 20 years. The highest incidence, i.e. 66% of cases, was recorded during February, March and April. Meningitic syndrome and fever were observed with 86% of the cases. The average duration of antibiotic therapy was 8 days. Chloramphenicol was the most commonly used drug (84% of cases). All strains identified in cultures were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime but resistant to cotrimoxazole. Outcome was favorable in 93% of the cases. Three patients (4%) died and two (3%) developed hearing loss. Despite the low death rate in this series of patients treated in a hospital setting, mass vaccination is still the most effective mean of controlling meningococcal meningitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Place and resistance of epidemic strains of Shigella dysenteriae-1 isolated at the Fann Hospital from 1995 to 1999].

Shigella dysenteriae-1 (S.d-1) takes a more and more important place in intertropical countries, with multiresistant strains to antibiotics. the objectives of the study is to determine the prevalence of S.d-1 among bacterial isolations at Fann Hospital at Dakar, and to identify the resistant profiles of the strains. This retrospective study was conducted on the strains isolated between 1995 and 1999 by examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens. the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was studied by disc diffusion test with Mueller Hinton agar, and detection of extended broad spectrum beta-lactamase. Shigella dysenteriae-1 represented 45.18 % of Shigella strains and was particularly isolated in winter season (from August to September), more frequently in men (sex ratio: 2 / 1). Among the strains, 72 % were resistant to beta-lactams, and the ratio of multiresistant strains represented 42 %, concerning cotrimoxazol, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin and aminopenicillins. Only one strain produced extended broad spectrum beta-lactamase. Quinolons were the most active antibiotics but have to be used rationally.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Molecular characteristics and susceptibility to antibiotics of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated in Senegal in 1999.

A total of 22 strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients in Dakar, Senegal, in the course of an epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in 1999 were studied. All the strains were serogroup A, serotype 21:P1.9 and belonged to clonal subgroup III-1. The strains were resistant to sulphonamide, but were susceptible to ampicillin, ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol, which are used in the treatment of cerebrospinal meningitis in Senegal.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

[In vitro sensitivity to antibiotics in 178 strains of genital mycoplasma isolated from gynecology consultants in Dakar].

The susceptibility to antibiotics of 144 strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum and 34 strains of Mycoplasma hominis isolated in Dakar, Senegal, was determinated by MIC determination in a medium. Doxycyclin and minocyclin are active on more than 90% of the strains of U. urealyticum, and more than 80% of M. hominis strains. Over 93% of U. urealyticum strains are susceptible to all the macrolids and apparented tested (erythromycin, pristinamycin, josamycin), but the activity of lincomycin, pristinamycin and josamycin on M. hominis was found only for 70% of the strains. Fluoroquinolones, once adequately studied, could turn out to be a useful alternative in therapeutics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

[Urinary tract infections in Dakar: etiologies, therapeutic basis].

This prospective study, performed in Fann University Teaching Hospital from January 1st to December 31st 1998, concern 1446 samples of urine. Enterobacteria (87.56%) were the most frequent aetiology, and Escherichia coli (48.7%) was the leading species in this family. The strains of E. coli present more resistant profil to beta-lactams (70.27%). Fluoroquinolons are active on more than 80% of the strains responsible of urinary tract infection in Dakar.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗

PubMed2000

[Shigella bacteraemia: a report of two cases observed in Dakar].

Shigellosis is usually a self-limiting enteric disease, rarely accompanied by extra-intestinal manifestations. In Senegal, shigella bacteraemia is poorly documented. The authors report two retrospective cases of Shigella dysenteriae 1 bacteraemia in an infant aged 12 months and a 32 years-old adult admitted at the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Dakar. In both cases, a fatal outcome was observed, in relation to complications: endotoxic shock in the infant, severe intestinal haemorrhage in the adult.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1999

[Sensitivity to cotrimoxazole of bacteria isolated at the Central University Hospital of Fann, Dakar].

This study concern a survey of bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole; 510 strains of Enterobacteria (167), Vibrio cholerae(206) and Staphylococcus aureus(137) were tested by disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. An interview was conducted with 86 health personals to appreciate the influence of prescription. Staphylococcus aureus were the most susceptible bacteria (13% of resistance), and Vibrio cholerae the most resistant (95%). Related to the gender, Enterobacteria present 43 to 72% of resistance. The data of interview show a very frequent use of cotrimoxazole, related to the disponibility and the accessibility of this drug.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

[Micromethod for identification of enterobacteria].

The aim of this study was to set accurate and reliable methods in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. In Micro CSB Entero each of a strip with 20 cupules containing dehydrated substrates for biochemical identification of bacterial species. Strips were inoculated with 100 microliters per cupule and incubated. After 18 hours, reagents were added. Baye's theorem was used to validate tests. Reactions from Micro CSB were cleared and easily read. 102 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were identified by MicroCSB--89.3% were correctly identified. 0.9% were identified with other tests 9.8% were incorrectly identified MicroCSB gives many advantages: This method save time, space and is less expensive than the other methods and it gives security for identifying species belonging to the different genera.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1999

[Micromethod for the identification of streptococcal, enterococcal and staphylococcal species].

The aim of this study was to set accurate and reliable methods in the identification of streptococcal, enterococcal and staphylococcal species. Micro CSB Strep and Staph system consists each of a strip with cupules containing dehydrated substrates for biochemical identification of bacterial species. Baye's theorem was used to validate tests. Reactions from micromethods were clear and easily read. Identification of 229 strains of streptococci and enterococci was correct for most species with 98.7% species with 99.3% sensitivity. 41 strains of staphylococci were also correctly identified with 85.2% of specificity and 97.68% of sensitivity.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗