High expression of transforming growth factor-beta long cell cycle times and a unique clustering of S-phase cells in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Bone Marrow↗
Biomedical subjects
A Islam
Publications and source records attributed to A Islam.
Zinc status in breastfed infants.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Breast Feeding↗
Endothelial cells and hematopoiesis: a light microscopic study of fetal, normal, and pathologic human bone marrow in plastic-embedded sections.
The origin and morphological identity of hematopoietic progenitor cells, as well as their precursor, the pleuripotential hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), has not been established. Our studies of 2 microns sectioned undecalcified plastic-embedded bone marrow (BM) from healthy human fetuses; normal adults; patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in various stages (chronic, accelerated, acute blastic phase, and after autografting); and patients recovering from therapy-induced marrow hypoplasia suggest that proliferative hematopoietic zones exist near the endosteum (endosteal marrow) and the vascular endothelium (capillary and sinus-lining endothelium) and a maturational zone distal to these regions. In some of these areas, morphologically recognizable hematopoietic cells were seen and interpreted as emerging and maturing in a sequential progression, suggesting an origin from the endosteal or endothelial progenitors. In other loci, early hematopoietic cells were seen in close contact with the endosteal or vascular endothelial (VE) cells. This latter relationship suggested that these areas of cellular contact were important and represented sites of cell to cell interaction that may be associated with the liberation of growth factors by endosteal and endothelial cells and their action on hematopoietic progenitor cells. Following treatment-induced hypoplasia, the endosteal and VE cells were seen to modulate, transform, and migrate into the surrounding empty and edematous marrow space as fibroblasts. Later, as hemopoietic regeneration began, clusters of regenerating hematopoietic cells were seen adjacent to bone trabecule (BT) and near the vascular endothelium. We postulate that endosteal and VE cells are the equivalent of embryonal-stage, undifferentiated mesenchyme and, under the appropriate regulatory influence, are capable of modulation and transformation (differentiation) into stromal (fibroblast-like) cells and precursors of hematopoietic cells in normal (physiologic) and stressed (pathologic) conditions. Recently, human endothelial cells have been shown to express a large number of cell surface antigens in common with hematopoietic (myeloid and lymphoid) cells. It is also possible that, in some situations, the VE cells act to establish a microenvironment and liberate growth factor(s), enabling pleuripotential and progenitor cell differentiation into mature hematopoietic cells adjacent to the vascular endothelium. Indeed, vascular endothelium has been shown to elaborate growth factors that participate in normal hematopoiesis.
Adult↗
The origin and spread of human leukemia.
The human leukemias are a group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells concerned with blood cell production. The cause(s) of human leukemia remains unknown. Bone marrow (BM) is believed to be the site of origin of human leukemias, although the specific locus(i) and/or cell(s) from which it arises have not been definitively identified. Generally, human leukemias and related proliferative diseases are thought to be clonal in nature; affecting a single hematopoietic stem cell, which then proliferates and replaces the marrow of normal hematopoietic stem cell systems. The condition is believed to be malignant in nature. Results of our current morphologic studies on well-fixed, ideally-stained thin sections of plastic-embedded bone marrow biopsies (BMB) from a large number of acute (AML, ALL) and chronic (CGL, CLL) leukemia patients suggest that human leukemias may not be clonal diseases. Instead, a large population of other resident cells--'endosteal cells'--appears to become involved in the process and it is possible that all members of this group enter the activity simultaneously. This change (transformation) in the endosteal cell population might be due to an abnormality (qualitative or quantitative) of diffusable, humoral factors (yet to be identified) that are responsible for the growth and proliferation of these hematopoietic precursor cells. In this context, the human leukemias may be considered not as malignant, but rather the result of an aberration of factor(s) that control hematopoiesis. In this respect, the human leukemias, particularly AML, ALL and CML, might be analogous to pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia) as it was understood 40-50 years ago.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bone Marrow↗
Breast feeding and oral rehydration at home during diarrhoea to prevent dehydration.
In a case-control study we evaluated the role of maternal behaviour, as reflected in maintenance of breast feeding and the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) at home during acute diarrhoea, in preventing dehydration in infants and young children. A systematic 5% sample was taken of all children aged 1-35 months attending the treatment centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, with acute watery diarrhoea of six days or less between August 1988 and September 1989. There were 285 children with moderate or severe dehydration as cases and 728 with no dehydration as controls in the study. In a multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model we showed that withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea was associated with a five times higher risk of dehydration compared with continuation of breast feeding during diarrhoea at home. Lack of ORT with either complete formula or a salt and sugar solution at home was associated with 57% higher risk of dehydration compared with receipt of a reasonable amount of ORT after controlling for several confounders. The confounding variables--that is, lack of maternal education, history of vomiting, high stool frequency, young age and infection with Vibrio cholerae 01--were also shown to be risk factors of dehydration. Health education programmes should promote continued breast feeding and adequate oral rehydration therapy for infants with acute diarrhoea at home.
Bangladesh↗
Effect of chronic renal failure with and without secondary hyperparathyroidism on the activities of synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase.
Norepinephrine (NE) content, release and uptake by brain synaptosomes are reduced in chronic renal failure (CRF), and this has been attributed to the state of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The decrease in NE content in CRF could not be explained by changes in NE uptake or release since in normal circumstances, NE content usually remains unchanged despite fluctuation in NE uptake and release. Since NE content is determined by its production and degradation, we examined the effect of CRF with and without excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the Michaelis-Menton constant (Km) and Vmax of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for NE production, and monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme involved in NE degradation of brain synaptosomes. Brain synaptosomes from rats with a 21-day CRF have a significantly (p less than 0.01) lower Vmax of TH (39.5 +/- 5.3 pmol tritiated H2O/mg protein/min) than that of normal rats (61. +/- 7.5 pmol tritiated H2O/mg protein/min) and a higher Km of MAO (59 +/- 2.9 nM tyramine) than normal animals (46 +/- 1.7 nM tyramine). Parathyroidectomy (PTX) in CRF rats normalized Vmax of TH (54 +/- 4.5 pmol tritiated H2O/mg protein) and Km of MAO (48.4 +/- 2.3 nM tyramine). Cytosolic calcium, [Ca2+]i, in brain synaptosomes is significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in rats with CRF (488 +/- 8.5 nM) than in normal (355 +/- 6.0 nM) or PTX-CRF (360 +/- 8.1 nM) rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Dietary risk factors associated with acute and persistent diarrhea in children in Karachi, Pakistan.
Feeding practices may have an important impact on diarrheal diseases in developing countries. This study evaluated feeding practices in three groups of male children aged 6-36 mo: 100 with persistent diarrhea (PD), 79 with acute diarrhea (AD), and 86 in a comparison group (CG). The children came from comparably poor socioeconomic settings in Karachi, Pakistan, except that the literacy rates were higher in mothers of the CG (P = 0.0001). Although greater than 95% of all infants were breast-fed, delayed initiation of breast-feeding was more common in the diarrhea groups. Children with diarrhea were also more likely to receive supplemental milk (PD = 92%, AD = 87%) than were children in the CG (69%, P less than 0.05). Feedings were not withheld during diarrhea but changes were made in the nature of foods given. These results indicate that several feeding practices may be important risk factors for diarrhea in Pakistan.
Acute Disease↗
New sternal puncture needle.
The needles most commonly used for obtaining bone marrow aspirates from the sternum are the Salah and Klima needles. They were designed in the 1930s, and except for the introduction of different kinds of stops and guards there has been no change in their basic structure and design. These instruments are small, do not fit properly in the operator's hand, and the lack of a T-bar handle often makes them difficult to manoeuvre; their introduction into the sternum by twisting or rotary movement of the hand can be cumbersome. To overcome all of these disadvantages an instrument was designed which is larger, provides better grip, and offers improved maneuverability. The stilette of this aspiration needle has a domed handle which rests snugly in the operator's hand and affords operator comfort, while the specially shaped large T-bar handle at the proximal end of the needle provides adequate and firm grip and also ensures precise control during the sternal puncture procedure.
Biopsy, Needle↗
Reduced phospholipid contents of brain synaptosomes in phosphate depletion.
The effects of 6 wk phosphate depletion (PD) and pair-weight feeding (PW) without and with treatment with verapamil (PD-V and PW-V, respectively) on phospholipid (PL) and cholesterol content and on resting levels of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of brain synaptosomes of rats were examined. PD was associated with significantly (P less than 0.01) lower synaptosomal content of total PL, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and with significant (P less than 0.01) elevation in [Ca2+]i. Verapamil treatment of PD rats prevented the rise in [Ca2+]i of brain synaptosomes and the fall in PI and caused significant (P less than 0.01) improvement in the synaptosomal content of PS and PE; values of PS and PE in PD-V rats, however, were still significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than those of PD rats. Verapamil treatment of PW rats did not affect synaptosomal content of the various PL or resting levels of [Ca2+]i. Cholesterol content of brain synaptosomes of the various groups was not significantly different, but cholesterol-to-total PL ratios were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in PD and PD-V rats than in PW or PW-V animals. Results indicate that PD affects metabolism of total phospholipids, PI, PS, and PE of brain synaptosomes, and these derangements are due to reduced availability of phosphorus and to the rise in [Ca2+]i. The data are consistent with the proposition that PD-induced changes in PL render the synaptosomal membrane more permeable to calcium, an event that may lead to a rise in [Ca2+]i.
Animals↗
A traditional diet as part of oral rehydration therapy in severe acute diarrhoea in young children.
Recently, the role of feeding as treatment of acute diarrhoea has received increasing attention. To assess the efficacy of early feeding in acute diarrhoea, we conducted a randomised, clinical trial of a traditional legume-based weaning diet khitchri in boys 9 to 48 months old with moderate to severe dehydration. Khitchri is composed of rice and lentils cooked with cottonseed oil. Children were randomly allocated to 2 groups: group A received only WHO ORS but no food for the first 24 hours and then khitchri and half-strength cow's milk formula freely; group B received khitchri and the half-strength formula in addition to ORS after the initial rehydration period of 4 to 6 hours. The mean period of evaluation was 3 days. 69 patients were admitted into the study, 33 in group A and 36 in group B. The initial mean purging rate for the children was greater than 200 g/kg/day. Six children did not complete the study because they developed intercurrent infections or were removed by their parents for non-medical reasons. Of the 63 patients who were evaluated, 44 (70%) were successfully treated, 21 in group A and 23 in group B. There were no significant differences in the 2 groups in mean stool output, number of stools, or weight gain, although a trend toward earlier improvement was seen in group B. These data indicate that early feeding of khitchri and WHO/ORS may be as well tolerated as WHO/ORS alone in the first 24 hours treatment of severe acute diarrhoea in young children.
Acute Disease↗
Bone lining (endosteal) cells and hematopoiesis: a light microscopic study of normal and pathologic human bone marrow in plastic-embedded sections.
Human trabecular bone that encloses the bone marrow (BM) is covered by a single layer of thin, sometimes inconspicuous, flat, elongated (spindle-shaped) endothelium-like cells with a round or oval nucleus. These "bone lining" cells, or endosteal cells (EC), form a continuous membrane (endosteum) over the trabecular bone surfaces. In most cases, the composition and thickness of these cells do not vary unless the cells are in intimate contact with hematopoietic tissue. In that instance, they are seen as a single layer adjacent to hematopoietic tissue or as a zone of tightly packed or loosely arranged mononuclear (hematopoietic) cells, some apparently originating from the endosteum. In a reparative process, such as following BM harvest, during which bony trabeculae (BT) are mechanically fractured, these cells are seen giving rise to osteoprogenitor (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) cells. Occasionally, the EC appear similar to BM stromal cells (morphologically and by their association with collagen/reticulin fibers) and are best seen at or near the BT that are cut tangentially. Short processes extending from the EC towards the underlying osteocytes have also been observed, suggesting that a channel of communication exists between them and osteocytes. Our observations, coupled with the experimental findings of others (i.e., that hematopoietic stem cells are concentrated near the endosteum, that cells responsible for BM and stroma regeneration are derived from the endosteal layer, and that high concentrations of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors are produced there), indicate that, in addition to functioning as a simple membranous covering layer for BT, the endosteum helps to support osteocytes and maintains mineral homeostasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bone Marrow↗
Sea snake (Microcephalophis gracilis) hemoglobin: primary structure and relationships to other forms.
The hemoglobin of the sea snake Microcephalophis gracilis was purified and the primary structure of the alpha and beta chains determined. This is the first sea snake hemoglobin structure characterized, and apparently also the first complete structure of any snake hemoglobin (an alpha chain of a viper was known), allowing judgments of reptilian variants. Variations between the sea snake form and other reptilian forms are large (52-65 differences for the alpha chains), of similar order as those between the sea snake and avian (56-65 differences) or human (58 differences) forms. Functionally, 19 residues at alpha/beta contact areas and 7 at heme contacts are exchanged in relation to the human alpha and beta chains. Four positions of the sea snake hemoglobin contain residues thus far unique to this form. However, all replacements appear compatible with conserved overall functional properties.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A case of aggressive multiple myeloma with convoluted and multilobated plasma cell nuclei and no visible nucleoli.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aged↗
Verapamil corrects abnormalities in norepinephrine metabolism of brain synaptosomes in CRF.
Abnormalities in norepinephrine (NE) metabolism of brain synaptosomes occur in chronic renal failure (CRF), and this has been attributed to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced accumulation of calcium in synaptosomes. The present study examined the effect of treatment with the calcium-channel blocker verapamil on NE content, release, and uptake, on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and on calcium content of brain synaptosomes from rats with 21 days of CRF. Verapamil treatment of normal rats for 21 days did not affect synaptosomal NE content, release, or uptake, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, or calcium content. Rats with 21 days of CRF displayed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in their synaptosomal NE content, release, and uptake, an increase in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in calcium content of synaptosomes. The treatment of CRF rats with verapamil normalized synaptosomal NE content and release and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, produced a significant (P less than 0.01) improvement in NE uptake, and prevented the accumulation of calcium in synaptosomes. The data of the present study are consistent with the notion that the abnormalities in synaptosomal NE metabolism and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in CRF are mainly the result of PTH-induced accumulation of calcium in synaptosomes and could be prevented by a calcium-channel blocker.
Animals↗
Effect of verapamil on CRF-induced abnormalities in phospholipid contents of brain synaptosomes.
Chronic renal failure is associated with significant reductions in total phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine of brain synaptosomes. These derangements in synaptosomal phospholipid metabolism were attributed to the state of secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure (CRF) and the parathyroid hormone-induced accumulation of calcium in synaptosomes. This study examined whether a calcium channel blocker, verapamil, would prevent this synaptosomal calcium accumulation and correct the abnormalities in synaptosomal phospholipids in CRF. Verapamil treatment of normal rats for 21 days did not affect synaptosomal content of calcium or phospholipids. CRF of 21 days' duration was associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in synaptosomal calcium (10.2 +/- 0.5 vs 7.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg protein) and a significant reduction (P less than 0.01) in total phospholipids (397 +/- 12 vs 529 +/- 19 nmol phospholipid P/mg protein), phosphatidylinositol (2.7 +/- 0.22 vs 4.6 +/- 0.27 nmol phospholipid P/mg protein), and phosphatidylserine (37 +/- 1.9 vs 83 +/- 5.2 nmol phospholipid P/mg protein). Simultaneous treatment of CRF rats with verapamil for 21 days reversed the synaptosomal abnormalities in calcium and phospholipid contents. Our data support the notion that the effect of excess parathyroid hormone of CRF on synaptosomal phospholipids is mainly due to the parathyroid hormone-induced calcium accumulation.
Animals↗
Corneal vital staining with gentian violet.
We have used 0.5% gentian violet solution as a corneal vital stain in 112 patients with variable degrees of corneal involvements and in 40 normal eyes as control. Gentian violet stained the epithelial defects and degenerated epithelial cells of cornea. The stain persisted 3-5 minutes and disappeared by 8-10 minutes. There was no cross infection from dye use. The dye did not hamper usual process of repair of corneal lesions. It is found highly feasible, with a sensitivity about 100% and specificity about 95%, with some minor side effects. Thus it could be an excellent method in community ophthalmology for early diagnosis of corneal affections, thereby commencing prompt and appropriate treatment in early stage.
Corneal Diseases↗
Oral rehydration formula containing alanine and glucose for treatment of diarrhoea: a controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adding L-alanine to the glucose based oral rehydration solution recommended by the World Health Organisation would improve its efficacy in treating acute diarrhoea. DESIGN: Randomised double blind controlled trial of oral rehydration solution containing L-alanine and glucose. SETTING: Inpatient service of a hospital treating diarrhoea. PATIENTS: 97 Male patients aged 6-59 years admitted to the hospital with acute and severe dehydration due to diarrhoea associated with Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Forty nine received the standard glucose based oral rehydration solution (control group) and 48 this solution with alanine added (study group). INTERVENTIONS: All of the patients received rapid intravenous acetate solution for the initial four hours after admission, which fully corrected the signs of dehydration. They were then admitted to the study and randomised. Immediately after the intravenous treatment oral rehydration treatment was started. All of the patients received oral tetracycline for 48 hours, starting 24 hours after start of the study. If signs of dehydration reappeared during oral treatment patients were given rapid intravenous acetate solution until they were fully corrected and then continued to take the assigned oral rehydration solution. END POINT: Passage of the last watery stool. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The median stool output/kg body weight during the initial 24 hours of oral rehydration treatment and until diarrhoea stopped was reduced in the study group compared with the control group from 309 ml to 196 ml and from 393 ml to 236 ml respectively. Intake of oral rehydration solution and intravenous acetate solution was reduced from 455 ml to 308 ml and from 616 ml to 425 ml respectively. Two patients in the study group compared with 18 patients in the control group required unscheduled rapid intravenous acetate solution to correct signs of dehydration during oral rehydration treatment. CONCLUSION: Oral rehydration solution containing L-alanine was considerably better than standard oral rehydration solution at reducing the severity of symptoms and the need for fluid of male patients with diarrhoea associated with V cholerae and enterotoxigenic E coli.
Adolescent↗
Primary structure of the hemoglobin beta-chain of rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri).
The primary structure of Rose-ringed Parakeet hemoglobin beta-chain was established, completing the analysis of this hemoglobin. Comparison with other avian beta-chains show variations smaller than those for the corresponding alpha-chains. There are 11 amino acid exchanges in relationship to the only other characterized psittaciform beta-chain, and a total of 35 positions are affected by differences among all avian beta-chains analyzed (versus 61 for the alpha-chains). At three positions, the Psittacula beta-chain has residues unique to this species. Three alpha 1 beta 1 contacts are modified, by substitutions at positions beta 51, beta 116, and beta 125.
Amino Acid Sequence↗