PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Islam

Publications and source records attributed to A Islam.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Expression of MHC class II CD4+ and ED1 molecules in association with selective hippocampal neuronal degeneration after long-term adrenalectomy.

The neuroendocrine and the immune systems are interconnected. Monoclonal antibodies against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, class II, CD4, CD8, pan T cells, and macrophages were used for immunostaining brains from adrenalectomized (ADX) and shamoperated rats to investigate the potential involvement of the immune/inflammatory mechanisms in the neurodegeneration of hippocampus after ADX. Our results demonstrate upregulation of MHC class II, CD4 antigens and activated microglial marker-ED1 expression selectively in the hippocampus after ADX. The absence of CD5 reactivity precludes that these activated cells were T lymphocytes. The activated microglial cells may either be instrumental in the hippocampal neuronal loss or activated secondarily to the neuronal degeneration after long-term adrenalectomy.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1997

Localization of M1 muscarinic receptors in rat brain using selective muscarinic toxin-1.

Mambas, African snakes of the genus Dendroaspis, produce several types of toxins that are of pharmacological interest. The novel muscarinic toxin-1 (MT-1), from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps, binds specifically to muscarinic M1 receptors in homogenates of rat cerebral cortex. Iodination of the toxin, 125I-muscarinic toxin-1 (125I-MT-1), renders the toxin selective for M1 muscarinic receptors. Quantitative measurement of 125I-MT-1 autoradiography in rat brain sections indicated highest labeling in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and dentate gyrus. High densities of 125I-MT-1 binding sites were located in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, frontal, and parietal cortices. Moderate densities of binding sites were seen in temporal cortex, and hippocampal subregions CA2, CA3, and CA4, whereas low labeling was observed in the cerebellum and spinal cord.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation 24 h after delivery on breastmilk retinol concentration. METHODS: Fifty low income women were randomly assigned to a single oral dose of 209 micromol of Vitamin A or none at delivery. Maternal serum and breastmilk retinol levels and infant morbidity and anthropometry were serially assessed. RESULTS: Mean (95% CI) serum retinol levels increased in the supplemented mothers at 2.77 (2.3, 3.2) compared to 1.15 (0.9, 1.4) micromol/l in controls (P < 0.05) and remained at a significantly higher level of 1.59 (1.4, 1.8) micromol/l compared to 1.33 (1.8, 1.5) micromol/l in the control group (P < 0.001) up to a period of three months. Breastmilk retinol concentration was also greater at 24 h after supplementation, mean (CI) 11.34 (9.0, 13.7) micromol/l, compared to 2.95 (2.3, 3.6) micromol/l in the control group (P < 0.0001), and remained higher for the next six months at 1.06 (0.9, , 1.3) micromol/l compared to 0.73 (0.6, 0.8) micromol/l in the control group (P < 0.02). Infants of the supplemented mothers had reduced mean duration of respiratory tract infection of 3.1 (2.7, 3.5) days compared to 3.7 (3.3, 4.2) days (P < 0.03) and mean incidence of febrile illness 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) compared to control infants 0.3 (0.3, 0.3) days, (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Vitamin A supplementation of malnourished mothers maintains higher breastmilk retinol concentration for at least six months and reduces the duration of respiratory tract infection and febrile illness in their breastfed infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Maternal education and family income as determinants of severe disease following acute diarrhoea in children: a case control study.

In a case-control study among the urban poor of Dhaka, Bangladesh, the association of maternal education and family income with severity of disease due to diarrhoea in children was examined. After adjusting for family income, 7 or more years of school education was associated with 54% reduced risk of severe disease as indicated by the presence of dehydration. Income in the uppermost quartile of this population, independently of maternal education, was associated with 41% reduced risk of severe disease compared to the lowest quartile. In the logistic regression model the effect of maternal education remained high after adjustment for several confounders. Based on the concept that socioeconomic variables operate through a set of proximate variables it is contended that maternal education, independently of economic power, through its impact on disease from acute diarrhoea, favourably influences child survival.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

In vitro propagation of Rauvolfia serpentina through tissue culture.

Multiple shoots were induced from nodal segments and shoot apices of Rauvolfia serpentina and MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA was found to give the best shoot proliferation rate. Callus formed at cut bases of the explants which produced shoots when subcultured on media containing low concentration of BA (0.5 or 0.1 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l). The in vitro proliferated shoots were rooted and later transferred to the soil.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1996

Early complementary feeding is associated with low nutritional status of young infants recovering from diarrhoea.

Young infants admitted to hospital for diarrhoea were studied to identify and understand the reasons for early complementary feeding and to examine its effect on nutritional status. Of 132 infants, 71 percent were being breastfed, 24 percent had already stopped, and 5 percent had never been breastfed. Complementary feeds were started by the mothers when infants' median age (range) was 27 (1-180) days. Mothers' perceptions regarding breastmilk being insufficient (53 per cent) or causing diarrhoea (19 percent), were the major reasons for complementary feeding. The mean weight-for-age of the infants given complementary feeds before the age of 2 months was 72 percent of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards, compared to 82 percent in those starting after 2 months of age (P = 0.01). Similarly, the mean weight-for-length in these two groups were 86 and 91 percent, respectively (P = 0.04). Initiation of early complementary feeding is associated with infant malnutrition and this alarming trend should be strongly discouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Breast-feeding counselling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital.

Lactation counsellors were trained to advise mothers of partially breast-fed infants who were admitted to hospital because of diarrhoea, so that they could start exclusive breast-feeding during their hospital stay. Infants (n = 250) up to 12 weeks of age were randomized to intervention and control groups. Mothers in the intervention group were individually advised by the counsellors while mothers in the control group received only routine group health education. During follow-up at home by the counsellors a week later, only the mothers in the intervention group were counselled. All the mothers were evaluated for infant feeding practices at home two weeks after discharge. Among the 125 mother-infant pairs in each group, 60% of mothers in the intervention group were breast-feeding exclusively at discharge compared with only 6% in the control group (P < 0.001); two weeks later, these rates rose to 75% and 8% in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). However, 49% of mothers in the control group reverted back to bottle-feeding compared with 12% in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Thus, individual counselling had a positive impact on mothers to start exclusive breast-feeding during hospitalization and to continue the practice at home. Maternal and child health facilities should include lactation counselling as an integral part of their programme to improve infant feeding practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Prolactin binding sites in rat brain and liver: effects of long-term ovariectomy and ovarian steroids.

The effects of long-term ovariectomy on the levels of brain and liver lactogenic binding sites as well as plasma and liver prolactin (PRL) have been investigated in sham-operated and ovariectomized rats receiving either 17 beta estradiol (OVX-E), progesterone (OVX-P), or vehicle (OVX-V). The levels of lactogenic binding sites in the parietal and piriform cortices, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, as well as in the liver were significantly decreased after long-term ovariectomy. Moreover, the levels of plasma and liver PRL were also significantly decreased. Exogenous estradiol and progesterone replacement restored the levels of lactogenic binding sites in the parietal cortex and hypothalamus as well as in the liver. However, plasma and liver PRL levels were significantly increased by estradiol but only restored by progesterone. These results suggest that ovarian steroids influence the levels of lactogenic binding sites and prolactin.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of long-term ovariectomy and ovarian steroids on somatogenic binding sites in rat brain and liver.

The effects of long-term ovariectomy and replacement with ovarian steroids on the levels of brain and liver somatogenic binding sites as well as plasma and liver growth hormone (GH) were studied in sham-operated (Sham) and ovariectomized female rats receiving either, 17 beta-estradiol (OVX-E), progesterone (OVX-P), or vehicle (OVX). Long-term ovariectomy decreased the levels of somatogenic binding sites in the choroid plexus and liver as well as GH in plasma and liver. The levels of these sites in the choroid plexus were partially restored only by estradiol replacement. Moreover, exogenous estradiol but not progesterone restored the levels of plasma and liver GH as well as liver somatogenic binding sites. Our results suggest that estrogens regulate the levels of somatogenic binding sites in the liver and choroid plexus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Behavioural deficits in adult rats following long-term adrenalectomy.

Long-term adrenalectomy results in loss of neurones in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat. The effects of long-term adrenalectomy on spatial learning and exploratory behaviour in adrenalectomized (ADX), adrenalectomized normal weight gain (ADXNW), sham operated and naive control male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated in this study. The ADX rats had significantly longer latencies in the Morris maze task compared to the other groups. In the open-field situation, as a novel finding, the ADX rats showed significantly lower rearing scores compared to other groups. These data indicate that long-term adrenalectomy causes impairment in spatial learning and explorative behaviour in the rat.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1995

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the generation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate in brain synaptosomes.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the levels of the second messenger, inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (I1,4,5P3) in kidney and bone cells. It has been reported the I1,4,5P3 increases calcium uptake by brain synaptosomes. Because PTH also augments calcium entry in brain synaptosomes, it is possible that PTH induces the generation of I1,4,5P3 in these structures as well. The current study examined the effect of PTH-(1-84) on myoinositol turnover in vitro in rat brain synaptosomes. PTH-(1-84) in concentration of 10(-6)mol/L significantly (P < 0.01) increased the IP3 production (35 +/- 52%). The results indicate that PTH activates the phosphoinositol turnover in brain synaptosomes and that this pathway may be involved in the PTH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in brain synaptosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A new, fast and convenient method for layering blood or bone marrow over density gradient medium.

A density gradient dispenser has been developed, providing a fast, easy and convenient method for layering peripheral blood or bone marrow over a density gradient solution for the isolation of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. The present approach is just the opposite of the conventional method of layering blood over a density gradient solution. In the conventional method a required amount of density gradient solution is first placed in a centrifuge tube and then blood or marrow is layered on top using a pasteur pipette. In the present method a required amount of blood or marrow is first placed in a centrifuge tube. The required amount of density gradient solution is then gently delivered underneath the blood sample using the newly devised density gradient dispenser. Because of the difference in densities, the released density gradient solution lifts the sample of blood upwards and produces exactly the same blood and density gradient suspension as that produced by the conventional method but is less cumbersome, faster and more convenient.

Bone Marrow Cells↗
PubMed1994

Loss of neurones after long-term adrenalectomy in the adult rat hippocampal formation.

The effects of long-term adrenalectomy (ADX) on hippocampal neurones were investigated 5 months after surgery in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Cells in Nissl-stained sections from ADX rats were counted and compared with those in sections from sham-operated rats. The ADX rats had a significantly reduced number of dentate granule cells. A novel finding was a significant reduction in the number of pyramidal cells in CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4 regions of the hippocampus. Thus long-term adrenalectomy causes loss of dentate granule cells and pyramidal neurones of the hippocampus.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1994

Somatogenic and lactogenic binding sites in rat brain and liver: quantitative autoradiographic localization.

The distribution of somatogenic and lactogenic binding sites in female and male rat brain as well as in liver was studied by quantitative receptor autoradiography using 125I-human growth hormone (125I-hGH) as a ligand. Quantitative measurement of binding sites for 125I-hGH showed differences in the levels of these sites in the female and male brain and liver. Moreover, regional differences in the brain were also observed in each sex. In the female brain high levels of 125I-hGH binding sites were found in the choroid plexus. Intermediate levels were observed in the striatum, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, whereas low levels of these sites were found in the central gray, the temporal, the piriform and the entorhinal cortices. In the male brain high levels of 125I-hGH binding sites were detected in the choroid plexus. Intermediate levels were observed in the parietal cortex, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, whereas low levels were found in the tegmentum, the temporal cortex and the striatum. Quantification of 125I-hGH binding sites in the liver revealed higher levels in the female than in the male liver. In general, higher levels of binding sites (16%-77%) were observed in the female than in the male tissues. The quantification of rat growth hormone (rGH) by radioimmunoassay was also performed in this study. Varying amounts of rGH immunoreactivity were detected in the different brain regions, with the highest levels of rGH-like material being found in the midbrain and cortex of both sexes. Moreover, higher levels of rGH-like material were observed in the female than in the male brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Is rice based oral rehydration therapy effective in young infants?

Rice based oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions have been shown to be superior to glucose oral rehydration salts (World Health Organisation (WHO) ORS) in reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhoea in children and adults. Rice based ORT has been used only sparingly in young infants, however, because of theoretical concerns about digestibility. A randomised controlled trial of rice based ORT (50 g rice and electrolytes identical to WHO ORS) and WHO ORS was carried out in 52 male infants less than 6 months old with moderately severe acute diarrhoea to evaluate efficacy and digestibility. Nineteen (70%) of 27 children who received rice based ORT and 18 (72%) of 25 children who received WHO ORS were treated successfully. The mean (SD) diarrhoeal stool output for the first 24 hours of treatment was significantly lower in the infants receiving the rice based ORT than in those receiving WHO ORS (101.0 (60.5) v 137.1 (74.6) g/kg). The stool output was also significantly less in the rice based ORT group in the second 24 hours. Infants in the rice based ORT group drank significantly less rehydration solution than infants in the WHO ORS group (mean (SD) 165.4 (77.4) v 217.9 (86.1) during the first 24 hours of treatment. There was no difference in the duration of diarrhoea between the groups. The volume of breast and formula feeding was similar in the two groups. No difference was seen in the frequency of finding reducing substances or acid pH in the stools of either group of children. The results suggest that rice based ORT is as effective as WHO ORS in infants with moderately severe diarrhoea and that rice based ORT is as well tolerated as WHO ORS in infants.

Citrates↗
PubMed1994

Severity of cholera during concurrent infections with other enteric pathogens.

In a clinic-based case-control study in Bangladesh we evaluated whether children with diarrhoea due to V. cholerae O1 in association with other enteric pathogen(s) are likely to manifest more severe disease as indicated by development of moderate or severe dehydration. Children with moderate or severe dehydration were defined as cases and those with no dehydration were controls; both cases and controls had acute diarrhoea. A systematic sample of 268 dehydrated cases and 699 nondehydrated controls aged 1-35 months with acute watery diarrhoea of 6 days or less was included. In a multivariate analysis it has been shown that infection with Vibrio cholerae O1 in association with another diarrhoea pathogen (odds ratio = 7.07) was strongly correlated with status of dehydration than those with the V. cholerae O1 infection as a single pathogen (odds ratio = 3.63). Either group was associated with significant risk of dehydration. The results of the study suggest that more than one enteropathogen may be simultaneously involved in causing severe diarrhoea, and appropriate public health measures to reduce environmental contamination should be beneficia

Bacterial Infections↗