Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A J Courtney.
101 Hong Kong Chinese subjects were tested on six configurations of linear displays and rotary controls. A significant linear relationship was found between the average response times and the strength of direction-of-turn stereotype as measured by the proportion of response made by the majority of subjects.
Display-control stereotypes for direction of motion were tested using a paper-and-pencil test. Seven hundred and eight-three Yunnan Province Chinese subjects of both sexes from a wide range of ages and backgrounds were asked to indicate the control movement they would make to move a display dot in a given direction. Three types of controls and three different planes for the controls were used. The results indicated that although there were some similarities between Western and Chinese stereotypes, the Chinese exhibited stereotypes not generally found in Western subjects.
The binocular functional visual-field, which is the area around the fixation point within which a target can be detected, was mapped for two subjects, using a peripherally presented target in a regular background. Over-all the field shapes were strikingly similar to field shapes reported previously for these two subjects and confirmed the presence of boundary irregularities for both subjects.
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This paper analyses data on accidents involving franchised public buses operating in Hong Kong. The data were obtained from the Royal Hong Kong Police, the Hong Kong Government Transport Department, the two major franchised bus operators and international sources. The analysis includes an international comparison of accidents with emphasis on the situation in Hong Kong compared to urban areas in the United Kingdom. An attempt has been made to identify the characteristics of bus accidents; accident incidence has been related to time of day, day of the week, time of year, weather conditions, driver's age and experience, hours on duty and policy-reported cause. The results indicate that Hong Kong has a high accident rate compared to Japan, the U.K. and the U.S.A., with particularly high pedestrian involvement rates. Bus accidents peak at around 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM but the accident rate is high throughout the day. Monday and Saturday appear to have a higher than average accident rate. The variability of accident rate throughout the year does not seem to be significant and the accident rate does not appear to be influenced by weather conditions. Older, more experienced drivers generally have a safer driving record than their younger, less experienced colleagues. Accident occurrence is related to the time the driver has been on duty. The paper questions the reliability of police-reported accident causation data and suggests improvements in the design of the accident report form and in the training of police investigators. The relevance of the Hong Kong study for accident research in general is also discussed.
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The binocular functional visual field for a detection task, with a peripherally presented target embedded in a homogeneous competing background, was mapped on 8 axes passing through the fixation point. The boundary of the field for each axis was based on the number of "correct" responses on the axis, where a "correct" response was defined in terms of the size of the error made by the subjects in estimating the target position. The visual fields for 6 subjects (4 men and 2 women) were very irregular in shape, and these were differences among subjects. The 8-axis area correlated highly with area based on only the horizontal and vertical axes but the latter area gave no indication of even gross irregularities in shape of the visual field.
The binocular functional visual-field, which is the area around the fixation point within which a target can be detected, was mapped, for two subjects, using a peripherally presented target in a regular background. The field boundaries were very irregular, there were regions of insensitivity within the field areas, and there were differences between the subjects. It was suggested that the irregular boundary and areas of insensitivity may have important implications for mathematical models of visual search. Individual visual-field characteristics may partly account for the difficulty experienced by some people in locating targets even after repeated scanning.
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