Posterior urethral valves associated with posterior urethral and bladder stones.
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Carcinoma, Adenosquamous↗
Biomedical subjects
A Jamal
Publications and source records attributed to A Jamal.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis: schedules for intralesional treatment with sodium stibogluconate.
BACKGROUND: Various therapeutic modalities have been used for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Intralesional pentavalent antimonial injection is one of the effective therapeutic modalities. In this study, the efficacy of three different intralesional schedules with sodium stibogluconate have been investigated. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with 129 lesions were entered into the study, all with confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The lesions were treated with three different schedules, including daily, alternate day, and weekly interlesional injections of sodium stibogluconate. The clinical response was then compared to arrive at the most effective schedule. RESULTS: The clinical responses (complete and partial cure) were 67%, 97%, and 91% for the daily, alternate-day, and weekly schedules, respectively. Lesions with either partial cure or failure of treatment were injected weekly with the same medication until complete cure had been achieved. The final overall success rate of complete cure was 99.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Alternate day or weekly intralesional treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate are more effective than daily treatments.
Adolescent↗
A chimeric disposition of the elongation factor genes in Rickettsia prowazekii.
An exceptional disposition of the elongation factor genes is observed in Rickettsia prowazekii, in which there is only one tuf gene, which is distant from the lone fus gene. In contrast, the closely related bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has the normal bacterial arrangement of two tuf genes, of which one is tightly linked to the fus gene. Analysis of the flanking sequences of the single tuf gene in R. prowazekii shows that it is preceded by two of the four tRNA genes located in the 5' region of the Escherichia coli tufB gene and that it is followed by rpsJ as well as associated ribosomal protein genes, which in E. coli are located downstream of the tufA gene. The fus gene is located within the str operon and is followed by one tRNA gene as well as by the genes secE and nusG, which are located in the 3' region of tufB in E. coli. This atypical disposition of genes suggests that intrachromosomal recombination between duplicated tuf genes has contributed to the evolution of the unique genomic architecture of R. prowazekii.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
Primary testicular causes of infertility. Do environmental and socio-cultural factors have a role?
A review of 81 cases of testicular biopsies, done as part of the routine investigation for oligospermia or azoospermia amongst otherwise healthy Saudi males, was carried out at the King Khalid National Guard Hospital, Jeddah. The results showed that 42% of cases had normal seminiferous tubules with adequate spermatogenesis. When compared with similar series from the literature, the Saudi population had a higher rate, 27.2%, of Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, compared to a range of 7.9-15% from other series. Hypospermatogenesis, maturation arrest and diffuse tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis made up 3.7, 8.6 and 16.0% respectively. The significance of environmental factors, socio-cultural habits and consanguineous marriages as possible influencing factors are highlighted.
Adult↗
Rehabilitation of grade III protein energy malnutrition on out patients basis.
Malnutrition is an important yet preventable and curable cause of morbidity and mortality. One hundred and thirty-five children suffering from grade III Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) from a poor urban population of Karachi city were enrolled for rehabilitation by health education and growth monitoring as out patient. Of these, 89% showed satisfactory recovery during a mean follow-up period of 3.2 months. Mainstay of this study was simple health messages adapted according to local cultural practices in native language. This simple strategy can go a long way in prevention and treatment of PEM in all the developing countries.
Child Nutrition Disorders↗
Early results of total knee replacements: "a clinical and radiological evaluation".
From March 1986 to June 1992, 100 primary total knee arthroplasties were done in 69 patients. The demographic data and complications were analysed in these 69 patients. The first 50 knees with a minimal follow-up of one year (range 1-6 years) were analysed in more detail according to the International Knee Society Rating System. Detailed radiological evaluation was also carried out to assess positioning of the components. There were 79 knees with osteoarthritis, 20 knees with rheumatoid arthritis and one with Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE). The knee score was poor in all knees pre-operatively. Post-operatively 78% had good to excellent score and the other 22% had fair knee score. However the functional score remained poor in 50% of the knees. Ideal tibio-femoral alignment was obtained in 68% of the knees. Twenty four percent of the knees had 0.4 degrees of varus and eight percent had 10-12 degrees valgus. Complication rate was low with 1% of infection (one knee). Overall early results were satisfactory.
Adult↗
Structural changes and recovery of function after arterial injury.
Repair and remodeling processes initiated by arterial injury are thought to be critical in the pathogenesis of important vascular disorders. However, how these processes are related to specific types of injury is not well defined. Consequently, we compared arterial responses to several types of injury. Segments of rabbit carotid arteries were injured by intraluminal passage of an inflated embolectomy catheter, by hyperdistending the arteries with sterile saline, or by flushing them briefly with Triton X-100. Ballooning and Triton treatment removed the endothelium while imposing hyperdistending or nonhyperdistending injury on the vessel media. Hyperdistension with sterile saline caused medial injury but only transient and focal endothelial denudation. All modes of injury caused medial damage that was repaired within 2-7 days as assessed by vessel wall DNA content and synthesis and by capacity to contract. In addition, ballooned arteries recovered their capacity to exhibit diameter reductions induced by decreased blood flow once the endothelium had regenerated. The two injuries that caused endothelial denudation, ballooning and Triton treatment, resulted in equal intimal thickening after 6 weeks despite lower short- and long-term rates of cell replication after Triton-induced injury. Only ballooning resulted in chronic turnover of intimal smooth muscle cells after injury. No neointimal proliferation followed hyperdistension with saline despite significant medial injury. These latter findings suggest that even severe medial injury does not lead to intimal proliferation in the absence of endothelial denudation.
Animals↗
Screening for cervical cancer by Pap smear.
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Adolescent↗
ABO and A subgroups in Karachi population.
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ABO Blood-Group System↗
The acute regulation of glucose absorption, transport and metabolism in rat small intestine by insulin in vivo.
The effect of acute changes in insulin concentrations in vivo on the absorption, transport and metabolism of glucose by rat small intestine in vitro was investigated. Within 2 min of the injection of normal anaesthetized rats with anti-insulin serum, lactate production and glucose metabolism were respectively diminished to 28% and 21% of normal and the conversion of glucose into lactate became quantitative. These changes correlated with the inhibition of two mucosal enzymes, namely the insulin-sensitive enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, and phosphofructokinase, which was shown by cross-over measurements to be the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in mucosa. The proportion of glucose translocated unchanged from the luminal perfusate to the serosal medium was simultaneously increased from 45% to 80%. All the changes produced by insulin deficiency were completely reversed with 2 min when antiserum was neutralized by injection of insulin in vivo. The absorption and transport of 3-O-methylglucose were unaffected by insulin. It is concluded that glucose metabolism in rat small intestine is subject to short-term regulation by insulin in vivo and that glucose absorption and transport are regulated indirectly in response to changes in metabolism. Moreover, transport and metabolism compensate in such a way as to deliver the maximal 'effective' amount of glucose to the blood, whether as glucose itself or as lactate for hepatic gluconeogenesis.
3-O-Methylglucose↗
The effect of glucose on the activity of phosphofructokinase in the mucosa of rat small intestine.
In common with other phosphofructokinase isoenzymes, phosphofructokinase in the epithelial cells of rat small-intestinal mucosa is activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. However, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was found not to be present in mucosa as judged by three criteria: (1) chromatography on Sephadex G-25 of crude mucosal extracts from fed rats did not result in a decrease, or indeed any change, in the activity of phosphofructokinase under suboptimal conditions at pH7; (2) ultrafiltrates of mucosal extracts did not possess any acid-labile activating activity when tested against chromatographed liver phosphofructokinase; (3) phosphofructokinase-2 activity was not detectable in mucosal extracts. Furthermore, the perfusion in vitro of isolated loops of jejunum or the incubation of mucosal scrapings from either fed rats or rats starved for 48 h showed that the activity of mucosal phosphofructokinase is not subject to short-term regulation by glucose. These observations are consistent with the view that phosphofructokinase is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in intestinal mucosa and account for the fact that the rate of glucose utilization by rat small intestine is not very responsive to changes in the concentration of glucose in the lumen.
Animals↗
The effect of starvation on the control of phosphofructokinase activity in the epithelial cells of the rat small intestine.
1. The effect of depriving rats of food for 48 h on the specific activity of phosphofructokinase in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and on the regulatory properties of the enzyme displayed in crude (particle-free) mucosal extracts was studied. 2. The specific activity of phosphofructokinase, measured under optimal conditions at pH8, in the mucosa of fed rats showed a negative aboral gradient along the intestine, decreasing from 15.2 +/- 1.2 units (mumol/min)/g wet wt. in the proximal jejunum to 4.6 +/- 1.2 units/g wet wt. in the terminal ileum. 3. After starvation, the gradient was diminished, but not abolished; the diminution in gradient was due almost exclusively to a decrease in the specific activity of phosphofructokinase in the proximal jejunum by about 30%, there being no change in the terminal ileum. 4. In fed rats, the susceptibility of phosphofructokinase to inhibition by ATP, when assayed in crude mucosal extracts under suboptimal conditions, was independent of length along the small intestine; the ratio of the activity observed at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.5 mM-fructose 6-phosphate and 2.5 mM-ATP to the optimal activity at pH 8, v0.5/V, was 0.36 +/- 0.05 in the proximal jejunum and 0.42 +/- 0.07 in the terminal ileum. 5. After starvation, the susceptibility of phosphofructokinase to inhibition by ATP was increased and was again found to be independent of length along the small intestine: after starvation, v0.5/V was 0.19 +/- 0.04 and 0.20 +/- 0.07 for the proximal jejunum and the terminal ileum respectively. 6. Re-feeding of previously starved rats on a high-carbohydrate diet overnight for 16 h restored both the specific activities of phosphofructokinase and its susceptibility to inhibition by ATP to normal values for fed rats. 7. The data support the idea that the specific activities and the regulatory properties of phosphofructokinase in the epithelial cells of rat small intestine are mediated by distinct humoral factors. 8. The changes in glucose utilization rate of the jejunum when rats are starved can in principle be accounted for by a combination of changes in the specific activity and in the regulatory properties of mucosal phosphofructokinase.
Animals↗
Regulation of mucosal phosphofructokinase in the small intestine of the streptozotocin-diabetic rat.
The total activity of mucosal phosphofructokinase in the proximal jejunum of the streptozotocin-diabetic at was found to be diminished compared with normal from 13.4 to 10.4 units/g wet weight, mucosa and the activity ratio of the enzyme at pH 7 was diminished from 0.40 to 0.23, indicating that the enzyme is more susceptible to inhibition by ATP. The combination of these changes is, in principle, more than sufficient to account for the 29% decrease in glucose utilisation observed in the jejunum of diabetic rats. Insulin, when injected in vivo, has the ability to restore both the total activity and the regulatory properties of phosphofructokinase to normal in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The action of insulin is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and is not mediated by changes in blood glucose levels.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗