Nephrotoxicity following orthotopic liver transplantation. A comparison between cyclosporine and FK506.
Nephrotoxicity represents a serious side effect of immunosuppression following liver transplantation. In order to compare the nephrotoxic action of CsA and FK506 in a clinical setting, we evaluated the incidence of early and late nephrotoxicity in 121 patients, 60 of whom were randomly assigned to CsA- and 61 to FK506-based immunosuppression. Early postoperative renal insufficiency (between PODs 0 and 30; SCr 1.5-3 mg/dl) was observed to a similar extent in patients treated with CsA (38.3%) and FK506 (42.6%). Early postoperative acute renal failure (ARF) (SCr > 3 mg/dl) was observed in 18.0% of patients in the FK506 treatment group and 18.3% of patients receiving CsA therapy. Approximately half the patients with ARF required hemodialysis (CsA: 11.7%; and FK506: 8.2%). All patients with early postoperative ARF requiring hemodialysis survived for more than one year. New onset of late ARF (between PODs 30 and 365) was observed in 6.6% of patients receiving FK506 therapy and in 1.7% in the CsA treatment group as a result of severe infection with multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). There was 100% mortality in patients with late ARF requiring hemodialysis. Etiology and prognosis of early and late ARF seem to be completely different. Early ARF was associated with severe coagulopathy and a rise in bilirubin and free hemoglobin, and was accompanied by impaired liver function. Mean onset of hemodialysis in CsA-treated patients was POD 1 and in FK506-treated patients POD 6, which disclosed a different time course of drug-specific nephrotoxicity of CsA and FK506 in early ARF. In contrast, late ARF occurred in both treatment groups only as a part of the MOFS in association with severe infections, an observation consistent with the assumption of overimmunosuppression rather than a primary nephrotoxic effect. Late renal insufficiency appeared in 23.3% of CsA- and in 29.4% of FK506-treated patients, and represented a slowly progressing form of drug-specific nephrotoxicity of CsA and FK506. These preliminary results demonstrate a similar outcome in terms of both early and late nephrotoxicity, but longer follow-up will delineate the overall efficacy and toxicity in humans.