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Biomedical subjects

A Kamiya

Publications and source records attributed to A Kamiya.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Microbial contamination of brushes used for preoperative shaving.

Microbial contamination of brushes used for preoperative shaving was investigated. Of the 24 brushed examined, 18 were contaminated with 10(6)-10(9) colony forming units (cfu) per brush. Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas maltophilia, and yeast-like fungi such as Candida parapsilosis were the primary contaminants. The mean bacterial count on the skin after the use of contaminated brushes (having a mean bacterial count 2.2 x 10(8) cfu) in 14 subjects was 4.6 x 10(5) cfu 25 cm-2, which was about 100 times (p less than 0.001) the control level. Contaminated brushes could not be disinfected with 80% ethyl alcohol, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite or 0.5% chlorhexidine. These findings suggest that the use of brushes should be avoided for preoperative shaving with a razor, and that sterile gauze and shaving foam should be used instead of a brush and soap.

Candida↗
PubMed1992

Microbial contamination of enteral feeding solution and its prevention.

In an investigation of microbial contamination of enteral feeding solutions, all 22 residual solutions obtained immediately after administration were contaminated at concentrations of 10(3) to 10(6) viable counts/ml. Major contaminants were glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus. Contamination seemed to have been caused by frequent reuse of bag-type containers and the infusion tubes connected to the bags, neither of which can be washed or dried. Decontamination methods were evaluated by using polypropylene containers that can be washed and disinfected for administration. Few Serratia marcescens on the inside wall of the container were removed by rinsing with tap water, alone or in combination with detergent scrub. Tap water and detergent plus air-drying at 56 degrees C for 1 hour reduced Serratia marcescens only somewhat. Tap water and detergent plus immersion in 0.01% sodium hypochlorite for 1 hour or in water at 70 degrees C for 3 minutes eliminated all 10(11) cells of Serratia marcescens.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1992

Simulation of the profile of water, NaCl, and urea transport in the countercurrent multiplication system between thin ascending limb and inner medullary collecting duct.

We simulated the profiles of water, NaCl, and urea transport in the countercurrent multiplication system between thin ascending limb (TAL) and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) by a mathematical model consisting of three compartments (TAL, IMCD, and CNW [capillary network]), using phenomenological coefficients for hamsters. They are separated by two membranes with distinct permeability properties. The primary driving force which generates "single effect" has a lower reflection coefficient for urea than for NaCl in IMCD. The difference in urea and NaCl concentrations between CNW and IMCD provides an effective osmotic driving force which is favorable for water absorption from IMCD without physicochemical osmotic gradient. The entry of water in the CNW reduces the concentration in CNW and generates the concentration gradients which are favorable for these solutes to diffuse out of TAL. Thus, the fluid in IMCD is concentrated and that in TAL is diluted. The results of simulation showed that the concentration gradients were generated along the medullary axis, resulting in excretion of hypertonic urine. In addition, we examined effects of changes in phenomenological coefficients of IMCD on this concentrating system. Decreases in permeability and in reflection coefficient for urea and increase in hydraulic conductivity increased the osmotic gradients along each compartment.

Body Water↗
PubMed1992

Blood flow dependence of local capillary permeability of Cr-EDTA in the rabbit skeletal muscle.

To examine direct influences of capillary blood flow on its permeability of water-soluble substances, we measured the local capillary permeability in the rabbit tenuissimus muscle at various capillary blood flow levels by the use of microscopic tissue clearance method. After staining the muscle with Cr-EDTA (M.W.: 341) as the test tracer by suffusing its solution around the tissue, subsequent concentration change in the tissue due to the tracer washout by capillary blood flow was measured from the intensity change on the TV monitor through the vital-microscope. The decay constant of obtained tissue clearance curve has been theoretically predicted to be equal to the local capillary permeability surface area product (PS) per unit tissue volume (Vt). The local capillary permeability (P) could be quantified by calculating the capillary surface area (S) from the perfused capillary density in the visualized microscopic field. The calculated values of P and PS/Vt in the high flow state were 6.00 +/- 0.70 (X 10(-6) cm/s) and 5.85 +/- 0.77 (X 10(-4)/s), respectively, which were significantly larger than those in the low flow state (p < 0.01). It was suggested that there was a mechanism in the red cell passage through the capillary which facilitated the substance exchange across the capillary wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Microbial contamination of ambient air by ultrasonic humidifier and preventive measures.

The microbially contaminated ultrasonic humidifier (UH) causes humidifier fever. The number of airborne viable bacteria was determined when the UH was operating, and other methods to humidify the air of hospital wards were also examined. A UH contaminated with 10(5) bacteria ml(-1), a level common in hospitals, increased the bacterial count in the air from 860 m(-3) to 88,000 m(-3) at a distance of 3 m from the humidifier. Thus UH in hospitals may contaminate the air and be a potential hazard to patients. Contamination was slight when a washable and disinfectable ultrasonic nebulizer was used with disinfection at 24 h intervals. In tracheostomy patients requiring a high degree of air humidification, ultrasonic nebulizers which are readily washed and disinfected are recommended.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1979

Transcapillary passage of albumin, effects of tissue cooling and of increases in filtration and plasma colloid osmotic pressure.

'Initial' clearance of radiolabelled serum albumin was measured in the perfused, maximally vasodilated muscle vascular bed of rat hindquarters during tissue cooling, during increases in filtration and during changes in serum colloid osmotic pressure. Albumin clearance during ordinary serum perfusion at isogravimetry amounted to 0.03 ml/min times 100 g, increasing linearly with filtration rate to some 0.07 ml/min times 100 g at 0.5 ml/min times 100 g of filtration. During cooling from 36 degrees C to 14 degrees C both CFC and initial albumin clearance at isogravimetry decreased some 40%, in due proportion to the increased viscosity of the fluid. Increases of the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusate correspondingly increased both the isogravimetric capillary pressure and 'initial' albumin clearance during isogravimetry.--It is concluded that even during isogravimetry the transmicrovascular albumin passage is to about 70 per cent due to filtration, and only some 30 per cent of transport at ordinary serum colloid osmotic pressure takes place by diffusion, both events presumably via 'large pores'. There was no evidence that transendothelial vesicular transport should to any significant extent contribute to the passage of albumin from vessels to tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Simultaneous measurements of capillary diffusion and filtration exchange during shifts in filtration-absorption and at graded alterations in the capillary permeability surface area products (PS).

The diffusion exchange of Cr-EDTA, using the single injection indicator diffusion method, was followed simultaneously with estimations of the capillary filtration capacity (CFC) in an "isogravimetric" rat hindquarter preparation during artificial perfusion and maximal dilatation. Measurements were performed at constant flow and during 1) shifts in filtration-absorbtion, 2) alterations of perfused capillary wall area (graded rarification of capillary network by microsphere injection) and 3) during alterations of permeability (i.a. infusion of histamine). At maximal vasodilatation CFC was 0.037 +/- 0.001 ml/min X mmHg X 100 g and PS for Cr-EDTA 5.67 +/- 0.13 ml/min X 100 g. During filtration or absorbtion, Cr-EDTA transfer from vessels to interstitium changed only slightly but the situation may well be different for solute transfer from interstitium to vessels. Alterations in capillary wall area resulted in proportional changes in PS for Cr-EDTA while the CFC changes were always relatively smaller. Histamine increased CFC some threefold with a marked increase in protein transfer, while PS for Cr-EDTA increased only marginally. This histamine effect could be ascribed mainly to an increase in the number of large pores which, because of their relative paucity, are of little importance for small molecular diffusion exchange but highly important for convective and macromolecular exchange.

Absorption↗