Less common causes of carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗
Biomedical subjects
A Krishna
Publications and source records attributed to A Krishna.
Seasonal changes in circulating serum concentration and in vitro testicular secretion of testosterone and androstenedione in the male vespertilionid bat (Scotophilus heathi).
Seasonal changes in the testicular activity were studied in the male Greater Yellow bat, Scotophilus heathi, in Varanasi, India (25 degrees N, 83 degrees E). The seasonal pattern of body weight of male bats was also recorded and compared with circulating androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T) concentration. There was a gradual increase in the body weight of the bat from September onward mainly due to accumulation of adipose tissue. Finally, body weight reached a peak level in November. Two periods of peak testicular weight and serum T concentration but only one peak of serum A concentration were observed. The first peak of T coincided closely with the peak A concentration and increased body weight. The first peak of T occurs several months before the time of mating and ovulation. The second peak of T correlated closely with the period of mating. In vitro study showed seasonal variation of the testicular responsiveness to LH stimulation. In vitro study also showed two peaks in the T but only one peak in the A production by testes in response to LH during different phases. Preliminary study showed that IGF-I but not insulin augmented hCG induced T production by testes in vitro. Our observation of an increase in serum A concentration during the period of overfeeding and weight gain and decline in A during the period of weight loss in S. heathi adds strength to the concept that nutritional status can influence hormonal function. This may be the reason for asynchrony between male and female gametic cycle found among vespertilionid bats.
Androstenedione↗
Immunocytochemical studies on the pituitary pars distalis of the tropical vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi, with reference to the ovarian cycle.
Changes in the anterior pituitary in relation to the ovarian cycle and ovulation in female Scotophilus heathi are described. TSH, LH, FSH and PRL cells have been identified in the pars distalis (PD) by immunocytochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. LH, FSH and PRL cells exhibited significant variation during the reproductive cycle of female S. heathi. The areal fractions of the PD occupied by LH and FSH cells were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during winter dormancy and the breeding phase as compared to the quiescence phase. The mean areal fraction of LH and FSH cells declined in March, following ovulation. The areal fraction of PD occupied by PRL cells varied from a minimum during winter dormancy to a maximum during pregnancy. Several of the PRL cells exhibited a degranulated appearance during winter dormancy suggesting PRL release. The areal fraction of TSH immunoreactive cells did not show a significant (p > 0.05) variation during the reproductive cycle. No evidence of involution was observed in the PD cells during the period of delayed ovulation.
Animals↗
High androgen production by ovarian thecal interstitial cells: a mechanism for delayed ovulation in a tropical vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi.
The steroid hormone profile of Scotophilus heathi, and Indian tropical vespertilionid bat, was studied, with special reference to the period of delayed ovulation. The results show unusually high concentrations of circulating androstenedione and testosterone during the first half of the period of delayed ovulation, whereas the concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol were relatively low during this period. Androstenedione, testosterone and oestradiol concentrations were high during the period of ovarian recrudescence (October-November). The oestradiol concentration increased, whereas androstenedione and testosterone declined significantly, before ovulation. Studies in vitro showed that the ovary secrets more androstenedione and testosterone than does the adrenal. A histological study showed that a major part of the ovary of S. heathi was occupied by hypertrophied interstitial cells. An immunocytochemical study showed ovarian thecal interstitial cells as the major site of high androgen synthesis in the ovary. During the period of delayed ovulation the bat ovaries thus resemble the ovaries from women with polycystic ovaries in which abnormally high androgen secretion from hypertrophied interstitial cells prevent ovulation.
Androgens↗
Glycogen accumulation in the ovarian follicle of Indian vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi during the period of delayed ovulation.
Massive accumulation of glycogen in the follicles of Scotophilus heathi during the period of delayed ovulation was noticed. The follicles which survive for prolonged periods are morphologically specialized. The accumulation of glycogen was noticed in the granulosa cells. The egg cytoplasm, thecal cells and interstitial cells were almost devoid of glycogen. The first sign of a glycogen deposit in the ovary was noticed during the recrudescence phase (October) in late pre-antral follicles. Most of the morphologically healthy late pre-antral and antral follicles showed a positive reaction with PAS and Best carmine from October to early February. Morphologically atretic follicles showed only a mild glycogen accumulation. Little or no glycogen accumulation was noticed in some of the healthy late-antral follicles before ovulation during late February and early March. HCG-induced antral follicles during quiescence also did not show any accumulation of glycogen. The study suggests that glycogen laden follicles are not suitable for ovulation and may be the reason for the occurrence of delayed ovulation in S. heathi.
Animals↗
Effects of short-term treatment of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the follicular development and gonadotropin secretion in the rat.
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) controls pituitary gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion and therefore it is indispensable in regulating reproductive function. We have studied the effects of a short term treatment (7-days) of a GnRH-agonist (GnRH-Ag) in vivo (a) on reproductive cyclicity and follicular development and (b) on peripheral gonadotropin secretion of normal cycling rat. GnRH-Ag (0.2, 1 or 5 micrograms/day), administered continuously through an osmotic minipump for 7-days, had a varied effect on ovarian cyclicity as is evident by vaginal cytology and it also decreased ovarian weight. A dose of 1 as well as 5 micrograms/day for 7-days of GnRH-Ag caused the complete demise of early and late antral follicles, whereas a dose of 0.2 microgram/day of GnRH-Ag for 7-days caused a significant decrease in the number of late antral follicles. There was a remarkable increase in the number of atretic follicles in the ovary of rats that were treated with 5 micrograms/day of GnRH-Ag for 7-days. Ovarian histology showed the predominance of corpora lutea in rats treated with 1 or 5 micrograms/day of GnRH-Ag and the interstitial cells in general appeared pycnotic. GnRH-Ag treatment significantly enhanced the serum LH secretion but FSH secretion remained unaffected. Serum PRL concentration diminished in rats that were treated with the highest dose (5 micrograms/day) of GnRH-Ag. Results from this study clearly demonstrate that GnRH-Ag treatment interferes with normal cyclicity of rats and it profoundly affects the follicular development. Therefore, it acts as an atretognic factor in the ovary.
Animals↗
Digital fracture polypectomy for juvenile rectal polyps is safe.
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Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
Effects of hormones on the number, distribution and degranulation of mast cells in the ovarian complex of mice.
The changes in the number and degranulation pattern of mast cells varied with the types of hormonal treatment and ovarian compartment. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and 17-beta estradiol (E2) treatment caused increase (P < 0.05) in the number of mast cells in the hilum as compared with the controls. Increase (P < 0.05) in the number of mast cells in the whole ovarian complex was observed only following FSH and E2 treatment. All the hormones used in the present study increased the percentage degranulation of mast cells in the hilum. However, only LH, FSH and E2 increased the percentage degranulation of mast cells in other compartments of the ovary (medulla, bursa and cortex). TSH and ACTH failed to cause any increase in the percentage degranulation of mast cells in these compartments. The present findings indicate E2 to be the most potent among the hormones tested in causing degranulation of mast cells in all ovarian compartments.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Inhibitory effects of melatonin on testosterone but not on androstenedione production during winter in the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi.
The possible effects of melatonin on testosterone and androstenedione production in vitro by testes of wild-caught bats, Scotophilus heathi, during different reproductive phases were investigated. Bats were captured during reproductive quiescent (April-August), recrudescent (September-October), breeding (November-February), and winter dormancy (late December-January) phases. Testes were incubated in media-199 for 2 h at 37 degrees C with luteinizing hormone (LH) and with or without melatonin. Melatonin had no effect on LH-induced testosterone (T) or androstenedione (A) production during the quiescent, recrudescent, and breeding phases. However, it significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed LH-induced T production but had no effect on A during winter dormancy. Testicular 17 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) activity was then measured in the testes from bats trapped during quiescence, breeding, and winter dormancy. Interestingly, melatonin along with LH caused suppression of 17 beta-HSD activities (3.56 +/- 0.03 unit/min/mg protein) when compared with levels of LH treated testes (7.10 +/- 1.15 unit/min/mg protein) during winter dormancy, while it had no significant effect on 17 beta-HSD activity during quiescence and breeding phases. These results suggest that in S. heathi, melatonin during winter dormancy suppresses LH-induced T production by the testes via the suppression of 17 beta-HSD activity. This may be the reason for the decline in testicular activity during winter dormancy.
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
Ileocystoplasty in children: assessing safety and success.
From 1987 to 1992, bladder augmentation using clam ileocystoplasty was performed in 39 children 1.5-17.5 years old (mean age 9.7 years). Indications for augmentation included neuropathic bladder, epispadias-exstrophy complex and posterior urethral valves. A satisfactory bladder capacity at safe storage pressures of < 20 cm saline was achieved in all patients. Hydroureteronephrosis resolved or improved in 33 of the 36 moieties (91.7%). No patient showed biochemical or radiological deterioration of the upper tracts. The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection fell significantly postoperatively. Seven patients (17.9%) developed a total of 10 complications, with rupture of the augmented bladder occurring in 4 patients (10.3%).
Adolescent↗
Follicular development, steroidogenesis and gonadotrophin secretion in response to long-term treatment with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in the rat.
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonists are implicated in the local control of rat ovarian function. We have evaluated the effects of long-term administration of different doses of GnRH agonist (GnRH-Ag) in vivo (a) on reproductive cyclicity and follicular development, (b) on peripheral gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations and (c) on in vitro cAMP and progesterone production by the follicles in response to stimulatory doses of FSH or LH (1 microgram/ml). GnRH-Ag (0.2, 1 or 5 micrograms/day) administration for 28 days had a profound impact on the oestrous cycle of rats as revealed by vaginal cytology. GnRH-Ag treatment caused a decrease in ovarian and uterine weights, which correlated very well with the decrease in the number of follicles present in the ovary. GnRH-Ag (5 micrograms/day) reduced the number of early preantral follicles and there was complete disappearance of early as well as late antral follicles. However, a dose of 1 microgram GnRH-Ag/day was effective in the complete demise of only late antral follicles with a significant attenuation in the number of early antral follicles. There was an enhancement in serum LH concentrations in response to the highest dose of GnRH-Ag administration with serum FSH concentrations declining in rats treated with the two higher doses. However, serum prolactin concentrations were attenuated only in rats treated with the highest dose of GnRH-Ag. GnRH-Ag treatment decreased serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Oocytic tumor necrosis factor alpha: localization in the neonatal ovary and throughout follicular development in the adult rat.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has previously been immunolocalized within mouse oocytes. Our first objective was to examine TNF alpha immunolocalization in ovaries of adult, fetal, and neonatal rats. Our second objective was to examine TNF alpha mRNA in ovaries by Northern blot analysis and in oocytes by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our final objective was to determine whether oocytes contained bioactive TNF alpha. Ovaries and oviducts were collected throughout the estrous cycle in adult rats, fetal ovaries were obtained 1 day before expected delivery, and neonatal ovaries were collected 2 days after birth. TNF alpha was localized in tissues by a biotin-avidin immunocytochemical procedure. Immunocytochemistry in adult ovaries showed that the ooplasm of the oocyte was the primary site of TNF alpha localization within the follicle. Immunostaining was present in all oocytes in the adult, including ovulated oocytes within the oviduct. Oocytic TNF alpha immunostaining was also present within oocytes in the neonate; however, fetal oocytes did not contain immunoreactive TNF alpha. Northern blots showed that ovaries in the adult, neonate, and fetus all contained TNF alpha mRNA. RT-PCR analysis of oocytes collected from preovulatory follicles generated a cDNA band of 500 bp, corresponding to the predicted size for amplified TNF alpha cDNA. Subsequent Southern blot analysis showed that the 500-bp band hybridized to the TNF alpha probe, indicating that preovulatory oocytes contain TNF alpha mRNA. Preovulatory oocytes were used in TNF alpha cytotoxicity assays with L929 cells. Oocytes contained TNF alpha bioactivity that was similar to that of recombinant murine TNF alpha in the bioassay. Our results provide evidence for the identification of immunoreactive and bioactive TNF alpha within oocytes in the rat, which is further supported by the presence of TNF alpha mRNA within the oocyte. These studies also indicate that TNF alpha may appear in the oocyte around the time of birth.
Animals↗
Infra-orbital nerve block for relief of postoperative pain following cleft lip surgery in infants.
The study was conducted on 20 infants scheduled for cleft lip repair surgery. Ten were randomly allocated to receive bilateral infra-orbital local anaesthetic nerve blocks at the conclusion of surgery with the other 10 receiving bilateral 'sham' blocks as controls. Postoperative pain relief was assessed using a pain assessment scoring system and by monitoring arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate. The mean pain assessment score was significantly higher (i.e. better) (p < 0.05) in the infants receiving the local anaesthetic block. There were no significant statistical or clinical differences in the physiological measurements between the two groups. The infants receiving the block required less analgesia in the postoperative period. The results suggest that infra-orbital nerve block is a simple and effective means of achieving postoperative analgesia after cleft lip repair surgery in infants.
Blood Pressure↗
Evaluation of augmentation cystoplasty in childhood with reference to vesico-ureteric reflux and urinary infection.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the non-operative treatment of vesico-ureteric reflux in patients with abnormal bladder compliance, to determine whether reduction in storage pressure by augmentation leads to cessation of reflux and whether symptomatic urinary tract infection worsens or renal function deteriorates if reflux continues after augmentation and clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine children (17 boys, 22 girls) who underwent clam ileocystoplasty over a 5-year-period were evaluated. The mean age at operation was 9.7 years (range 1.5-17.5). Pre-operative assessment included renal imaging and slow fill video-cystometry. Vesico-ureteric reflux, if present, was graded I-V. The frequency and severity of symptomatic urinary tract infections were recorded. Cystometry was performed 6 months after reconstruction. Storage pressures below 20 cm saline were regarded as safe. The mean follow-up was 3.3 years (range 10 months-6.1 years). RESULTS: Of the 17 renal units assessed for the outcome of reflux, 11 stopped reflux and one showed a lower grade. No patient showed worsening of upper tract dilatation or progressive renal scarring. Thirty-seven patients (95%) had symptomatic urinary tract infection pre-operatively. Following bladder augmentation, clean intermittent catheterization and trimethoprim prophylaxis, seven continued to have symptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation cystoplasty is effective in resolving reflux in a majority of the patients. This is achieved by reducing storage pressures to below 20 cm saline and emptying the bladder regularly by CIC. There is also a reduction in the incidence and severity of symptomatic urinary tract infections. Even when reflux persists there is no evidence of deterioration of the upper tracts or progressive renal scarring.
Child↗
Changes in the mast cell number and degranulation pattern during periovulatory period and after blocking gonadotrophin surge in mice ovarian compartments.
Mast cell in the ovary of cyclic mice were observed in the ovarian medulla, hilum and bursa, but not in the cortex. A significant increase in the degranulation of mast cells was observed in the hilum and bursa but not in the medulla following the gonadotrophin (Gn) surge as compared with before the surge at proestrus. The results of pentobarbital treatment at proestrus imply the significant role played by estradiol 17-beta (E2) in inducing mast cells migration and degranulation, specially in the medullary, cortical and bursal region of the ovary. The results indicate differential regulation of mast cells number and degranulation in different ovarian compartments of mice.
Animals↗
Factors influencing survival in esophageal atresia.
There is little published literature from the third World countries that described the factors influencing survival of babies with esophageal atresia. We analysed 25 consecutive neonates treated for esophageal atresia. The overall survival rate was 36%. All 4 babies in Waterston Group A, 37.5% in Group B, and 15.4% in Group C survived. All 9 preterm babies died. Only 2 of the 16 babies who had pre-operative chest infection survived. The mean delay in diagnosis was 54 h in outborn babies and 20 h in hospital-born babies. We believe that a survival rate of 40% is easily achieved with minimum infrastructural inputs. Simple methods and practices that would vastly improve operative results have been suggested.
Developing Countries↗
Effects of cimetidine, H2 receptor antagonist, on follicular and luteal development in the mice.
The effects of various doses, duration and frequency of cimetidine treatment on vaginal cycle, ovulation, ovarian histology and follicular kinetics were investigated. In addition, studies were performed to assess the reversibility in ovarian functions following withdrawal of cimetidine treatment. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) decline in ovarian and uterine weights, but not in body and adrenal weights, were observed in females treated with cimetidine four times daily for long-term as compared with the controls. Ovarian and uterine weights recovered to pretreatment levels following withdrawal of the treatment. Cimetidine treatment caused irregularities in the reproductive cyclicity of mice. Cimetidine treatment causes adverse effect on ovarian function depending on the time, duration and frequency of treatment. Treatment for only one day at proestrus induced significant (P < 0.05) decline in ovulatory efficiency. However, administration of cimetidine, four times daily, for either 6 or 14 days caused ovarian dysfunction. The treatment depressed the number of healthy preantral and antral follicles as well as number of healthy corpus luteum (CL) in the ovary. Absence of healthy CL, presence of several atretic late antral follicles and reproductive acyclicity provide evidence for the failure of ovulation in mice treated with cimetidine four times per day for 14 days. Moreover, when cimetidine was administered twice daily, the ovaries also showed newly formed CL. The results, thus, suggest that the effects of cimetidine on ovulation are dependent on dose, duration and frequency of treatment. Blockage of ovulation in long-term cimetidine treated mice could be due to its influence on follicular atresia. Ovulation had occurred in these females after withdrawal of cimetidine treatment.
Animals↗