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Biomedical subjects

A Kullaa-Mikkonen

Publications and source records attributed to A Kullaa-Mikkonen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Histoquantitative study of inflamed tongue mucosa.

A quantitative, semiautomatic analysis of histologic features of the specific inflammatory changes occurring on the dorsum of human tongue was made for 37 tongues. Well-documented histologic differences between clinically normal appearing tongue (control), atrophic, geographic and fissured tongue were shown quantitatively. The epithelium of atrophic tongue was thinner compared to the controls. Reduction of the thickness was due to the shortened or totally missing rete pegs. Epithelium of geographic and fissured tongue showed irregular rete pegs. In fissured tongue heavy inflammation seemed to shorten the rete pegs. In atrophic tongue the connective tissue was thicker compared to the controls. This could be due to mild, chronic inflammation causing loose connective tissue described in atrophic tongue. Muscle cells of geographic tongue appeared to be as in the controls, whereas in atrophic and fissured tongue the uppermost muscle cells were small and separated compared to the controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Jaw fractures in children.

From a total of 350 jaw fractures treated in 1980-1984 at Kuopio University Central Hospital, 20% were in children. These injuries were evaluated retrospectively regarding age, sex, incidence and etiology. Forty-five of the patients were boys and 25 girls. The frequency of maxillary and mandibular fractures in 70 young patients was 28.6%. The most common type of bone fractures was fracture of the alveolar process, which was prevalent in persons with mixed dentition. Before the age of 7 years, falls from height were the common causes of jaw fractures. The major cause of the jaw fractures in children from 7 to 15 years old was road accidents (47.1%), especially in boys. Most of these were cycling accidents, only a few patients were victims of automobile accidents. In addition, about one third (25.7%) of the patients were treated in the hospital because of multiple injuries to other organs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Malformations of the maxillofacial region induced by retinoids in an experimental system.

Treatment of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats with etretinate or retinoic acid on pregnancy Day 8.5-9.0 resulted in craniofacial malformations in 100% of the embryos. A morphological investigation of the maxillofacial malformations was undertaken. Retinoid-exposed embryos showed a reduced skull base, flattened and elongated occiput and micrognathia. The malar bones were reduced or missing. Meckel's cartilage was delayed in differentiation as was the mandibular bone. The fusion between different facial processes was disturbed which resulted in facial and palatal clefts. Disturbance of the development of the hypophysis was combined with persisting Rathke's pouch. Aplasia of incisor and molar tooth buds was seen as was aplasia of salivary gland ducts. The facial artery was hyperplastic.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1990

Retinoid-induced nasal malformations.

Treatment of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats with etretinate or retinoic acid on pregnancy days 8.5-9.0 resulted in craniofacial defects in all embryos. A morphological investigation of the malformations occurring in the nasal region is described. The external nose was deformed with a depressed nasal bridge and pronounced hump. Fusion between nasal processes was defective, resulting in fistulas and clefts. The nasal septal cartilage was reduced in size, the paranasal cartilage was missing, the parietothecal cartilage was deformed and the paraseptal cartilage was dislocated. Aberrant vessels were seen on the external nose in combination with underdevelopment of the vibrissae. The distance between the outer nasal pores was reduced after administration of retinoids.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1990

Experimental craniofacial malformations induced by retinoids and resembling branchial arch syndromes.

A syndrome which showed similarities to human branchial arch syndromes could be induced in Sprague-Dawley rat embryos by exposing them to retinoids prenatally. Treatment of pregnant rats with 40 mg/kg retinoic acid or 10 mg/kg etretinate on pregnancy day 8.5-9 resulted in craniofacial defects in 100% of the embryos. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of the early stages in the development of these malformations showed abnormal skull form, disorganised surface epithelium with "cell blebbing", lateral facial clefts, facial fistulas, narrowed skull-base and reduced size of the nasal and maxillary complexes. Histological examination confirmed these findings and supported the hypothesis that a main reason for this syndrome is hindrance of migration of the cranial neural crest cells to the facial processes during early craniofacial formation.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1989

Some local and systemic factors related to tongue inflammation.

As part of a larger study aimed at surveying the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of filiform atrophy and geographic and fissured tongue, this work presents the clinical findings of three patient groups and controls. 200 individuals were examined; 18 (9%) had atrophic tongue, 15 (7.5%) geographic tongue and 53 (26.5%) fissured tongue; further, 12 (6%) had hyperkeratotic lesions of the tongue and 102 (51%) subjects had no tongue lesions. According to the anamnestic information, patients with atrophic or geographic tongue seemed to have a stronger tendency toward allergy than subjects in other groups, while patients with atrophic tongue had more abnormalities of the heart and circulatory system. These tongue forms did not show any association with smoking or drinking habits, but hyperkeratotic lesions (leukoplakia, lichen planus, hairy tongue) of the tongue were clearly associated with moderate and heavy smoking. Atrophic, geographic and fissured tongue seem to be specific changes of the lingual mucosa; patients with these changes did not have more changes elsewhere on the oral mucosa than the controls. Patients with atrophic tongue had lowered rates of saliva secretion. Histologically, heavy inflammation was noted in fissured tongue. In geographic tongue, inflammation was moderate and in atrophic tongue often only mild. Each tongue form seems to have its own typical histological morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Familial study of fissured tongue.

Clinical and genetic characteristics of histologically defined fissured tongue were examined in a familial study. Fifteen probands with fissured tongue and four probands with geographic tongue were selected from earlier studies. In addition, 12 probands with tongue fissuring, but without changes of papillary structure, were included. The total sample consisted of 31 families; the number of family members examined was 185 (93 men, 92 women), and the mean age of the subjects was 20 yr (range 1-78). Diagnosis of tongue form was emphasized, and this study describes an in vivo method of stereomicroscopy for examining the dorsum of the tongue. According to genetic analysis, fissured tongue with smooth-surfaced papillae was transmitted as a dominant characteristic with incomplete penetrance and was preceded by geographic tongue. The severity of fissured tongue changed with increasing age. Tongue fissuring with normal-appearing filiform papillae was not familial and was not associated with geographic tongue. Fissuring with normal papillary structure should be considered as variations of normal anatomy, whereas fissured tongue and geographic tongue are a clinical and etiological disease entity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Haematological and immunological features of patients with fissured tongue syndrome.

Blood samples from 40 patients with fissured tongue syndrome (FTS) were examined, and the results were compared with those of 20 healthy control subjects. FTS was diagnosed when a) the patient had a fissured tongue with smooth-surfaced papillae (n = 25) or b) the patient had geographic tongue and some relatives had fissured tongue (n = 15). These tongue forms were verified also histologically. To evaluate the possibility of systemic disorders in patients with FTS we determined the whole blood picture and levels of vitamin B12, serum folate, serum ferritin, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE). None of the patients with FTS nor any of the controls were found to be anaemic. The mean levels of serum vitamin B12, ferritin and folate were, however, slightly lower in the patient group than in the controls. These findings suggest that anaemia does not play a primary role in the aetiology of fissured tongue syndrome. The most striking haematological findings were the decreased thrombocyte and leucocyte counts in patients with fissured tongue syndrome compared with the control subjects. Furthermore, the lymphocyte count and serum IgG were low in the patient group. When the two patient groups were compared no differences were found. These observations are discussed from the standpoint of deficiency in the immunological defence mechanism of patients with fissured tongue syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Filiform papillae of human, rat and swine tongue.

In order to study the structure of filiform papillae (FP), tissue specimens were taken from the anterior part of the tongues of 8 humans, 8 rats and 8 swine. The formalin-fixed samples were processed routinely for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. With SEM, FP of human tongue contained 5-12 hairs which were covered with a massive plaque of micro-organisms. FP of rat tongue, on the other hand, contained one papillary projection with smooth surface structure. Colonization of micro-organisms was seen on the anterior part of the body of FP, but not on the hairs. In the cross-section of FP of the rat tongue, the cells of the papilla were close to each other and no micro-organisms were seen within the papillae. On the contrary, the spaces between the squamous epithelial cells of the hairs of human FP contained numerous micro-organisms. The structure of FP of the swine tongue resembled that of the rat tongue. The hairs were smooth, and some micro-organisms were seen on the cell surface of the interpapillary areas. The structure of FP is discussed from the standpoint of different keratinization and colonization of micro-organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Scanning electron microscopy in oral mucosal research: a review.

This review paper highlights some aspects of the contribution of SEM in the field of oral mucosa research. These include 1) different preparative techniques, 2) structure of the oral mucosa and its role in normal function, 3) advances in oral microbiology, 4) development of the oral mucosal epithelium, 5) pathological diagnosis and 6) morphometry. There are four main ways to study the oral mucosa with SEM; biopsy (autopsy) samples, smears, replica technique, and cell culture techniques. The structural studies can be divided as studies of the surface structure of the superficial cells of the oral mucosa and studies of the interactions between epithelium and connective tissue. Colonization and the morphology of micro-organisms are easy to see with SEM. Morphometric techniques have been used to determine the density of connective tissue papillae and to analyse surface structures of epithelial cells. In this paper, computerized image analysis systems for use in SEM research are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sialochemistry in mucosal lesions of the tongue: electrolytes and total protein.

A total of 39 patients with tongue diseases and 17 controls were subjected to chemical analysis of saliva to determine whether tongue lesions are correlated with the composition of the saliva. The salivary flow rate, total protein, phosphate and electrolyte content (Na, K, Ca) were measured in unstimulated and stimulated saliva. The results indicate that disturbed salivary secretion could be revealed in patients with filiform atrophy and those with hairy tongue. The hormonal imbalance might be a factor in the etiology of filiform atrophy and geographic tongue. No significant difference between the sialochemistry of patients with fissured tongue and controls was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Geographic tongue: an SEM study.

In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to describe in detail the surface structure of geographic tongue. Tissue samples from the anterior part of the tongue were removed from 15 patients with geographic tongue and from 15 control subjects. Normally, the surface mucosa of the tongue was covered by filiform papillae, which consisted of the body and hairs. The mucosal surface of the body was smooth with some desquamating cells, but hairs were covered by an extensive plaque of microorganism. With SEM, the surface of geographic tongue contained 3 different types of mucosa: atrophic area, white margin, and area of normal appearance. On the atrophic area, the mucosa formed low elevations, and hairs were lacking. At high magnification, the superficial cells of the low elevations were polygonal, and they had parallel or branching microplicae. The white margin contained many desquamating cells, which had broken microplicae or no surface structures. Here the inflammatory infiltrate of the epithelium and that of the subepithelial connective tissue was moderate. On the normal-appearing area, desquamation of the mucosa on the papillar bodies was more pronounced than normally. On every specimen was a fissure, on the walls of which the superficial cells had broken microplicae and knob-like structures. The adherence of candidal hyphae within the superficial cells was seen in the area of the fissure. On the geographic tongue some fungiform papillae with taste pores were seen.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A scanning electron microscopic study of fissured tongue.

In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the surface morphology of fissured tongue. Tissue samples from the anterior part of the tongue were taken from 15 patients with fissured tongue. The formalin-fixed samples were processed routinely for scanning electron microscopy. Typically, the surface of a fissured tongue was covered with hairless papillae of various sizes. The biggest papillae were larger than the body of a normal filiform papilla, and the apex was rounded and rough. On the other hand, some of these papillae had a few hairs and resembled normal filiform papillae, but were flatter. In addition some papillae formed only slight elevations on the tongue mucosa, which was smooth and contained some desquamating cells. The walls of the fissure found in macroscopical examination consisted of very low elevations of the smooth mucosa with some desquamating cells. At high magnification the superficial cells of the epithelium were polygonal. On their surface there were branching or parallel microplicae, which were often broken. Only occasionally superficial cells of the large papillae had a pitted appearance. The knob-like structures found among the microplicae and small cracks between the epithelial cells are discussed from the standpoint of the pathogenesis of fissured tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Scanning electron microscopic study of surface of human oral mucosa.

The surface ultrastructure of the healthy oral mucosa of humans was studied using SEM as follows: dorsum of the tongue (10 specimens), buccal mucosa (5), floor of the mouth (3), hard palate (5), and gingiva (10). One part of each formalin-fixed sample was processed routinely using the system of critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy. The other part of the specimen was embedded in paraffin blocks and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopy. With SEM at low magnification, the surface structure of the oral mucosa at different areas of the oral cavity was smooth with some desquamating cells. Only the tongue mucosa with its papillae formed a specialized mucosa. The hairs of the filiform papillae were covered by microorganisms, whereas on the oral mucosa there usually was little or no colonization by microorganisms. At high magnification, the surface structure of the superficial epithelial cells was pitted or microplicated. On keratinized epithelium the surface structure was pitted, whereas on non-keratinized epithelium it was microplicated. On cell boundaries some variation could also be seen; in keratinized epithelium these boundaries were overlapping and in non-keratinized epithelium they were tight.

Gingiva↗