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A L Reingold

Publications and source records attributed to A L Reingold.

97 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case-control study.

For assessment of current risk factors for developing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) during menstruation, a case-control study was performed. Cases with onset between 1 January 1986 and 30 June 1987 were ascertained in six study areas with active surveillance for TSS. Age-matched controls were selected from among each patient's friends and women with the same telephone exchange. Of 118 eligible patients, 108 were enrolled, as were 185 "friend controls" and 187 telephone exchange-matched controls. Tampon use was a risk factor for developing TSS during menstruation (odds ratio = 29; 95% confidence interval = 7-120), and risk increased with increasing tampon absorbency (odds ratio = 1.34 per gram increase in absorbency; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.6). The role of tampon chemical composition could not be assessed because the number of cases was inadequate. Neither use of birth control pills for contraception nor use of medications for premenstrual or menstrual symptoms protected against or was a risk factor for the development of menstrual TSS.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome associated with barrier contraceptives: report of a case-control study.

Use of barrier contraceptives has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). This association was evaluated in a case-control study of nonmenstrual TSS; cases were identified through an active surveillance system for TSS during 1986 and 1987. Potential risk factors for nonmenstrual TSS were compared for 28 patients and 100 age-matched controls. Use of barrier contraceptives was associated with a significantly increased risk of nonmenstrual TSS, with matched odds ratios of 10.5 and 11.7 for contraceptive sponge and diaphragm use, respectively. Use of nonbarrier contraceptive methods was unrelated to nonmenstrual TSS. Despite the elevated odds ratio, the incidence of nonmenstrual TSS in barrier contraceptives users and the risk of nonmenstrual TSS attributable to barrier contraceptive use are low. Clinicians and women who use barrier contraceptives should be aware of this rare but potentially fatal complication; however, other considerations, such as efficacy and complications associated with other types of contraception, may be more important in the choice of a contraceptive method.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary meningococcal pericarditis: a disease of adults associated with serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis.

Pericarditis due to Neisseria meningitidis is usually a consequence of meningeal disease or meningococcemia. This presentation includes a case report of primary meningococcal pericarditis (PMP) and a review of the clinical and epidemiologic features of 15 previously reported cases. All cases have been reported in the past 15 years. Most patients were older teenagers or adults. The median age and age distribution of PMP cases in the United States were significantly greater than that of patients with other meningococcal diseases reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (P = .005). Similarly, serogroup C N. meningitidis was isolated from 88% of U.S. patients with PMP, compared with isolation from 22% of patients with other meningococcal diseases reported to the CDC (P = .00016). Culture of pericardial fluid usually yielded meningococci, and most patients presented with signs and symptoms typical of purulent pericarditis. A positive pericardial culture was associated with the development of cardiac tamponade (P = .03). With appropriate antibiotic treatment and drainage of pericardial fluid when indicated, all 16 patients survived and experienced few or no sequelae.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of pelvic inflammatory disease by primary care physicians. A comparison with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published recommendations for clinicians on the management of pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is unknown if providers are aware of the guidelines or follow them. GOAL: To compare pelvic inflammatory disease screening, diagnosis, treatment, and reporting practices among primary care physicians with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease. STUDY DESIGN: A weighted random sample of California primary care physicians surveyed in November 1992 and January 1993. RESULTS: Of the 1,165 physicians surveyed, 553 (48%) returned completed questionnaires. Among respondents, 302 (55%) reported having treated a case of pelvic inflammatory disease during the last 12 months, and of these, 52% answered that they were unsure of or do not follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease. Pediatricians and those with more years since residency were less likely to deviate from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease, and family practitioners were more likely to deviate from the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic inflammatory disease is commonly encountered by primary care physicians in California. Training and experience were important predictors of compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations; however, substantial divergence from the guidelines occurs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outbreak investigations--a perspective.

Outbreak investigations, an important and challenging component of epidemiology and public health, can help identify the source of ongoing outbreaks and prevent additional cases. Even when an outbreak is over, a thorough epidemiologic and environmental investigation often can increase our knowledge of a given disease and prevent future outbreaks. Finally, outbreak investigations provide epidemiologic training and foster cooperation between the clinical and public health communities.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis.

We investigated cases of shigellosis in San Francisco and Alameda Counties identified during 1996 by active laboratory surveillance to assess the role of HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Dramatically elevated rates of shigellosis in HIV-infected persons implicate HIV infection as an important risk factor for shigellosis in San Francisco.

Adolescent↗