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Biomedical subjects

A Lamikanra

Publications and source records attributed to A Lamikanra.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Epoetin alfa and beta differ in their erythropoietin isoform compositions and biological properties.

Epoetin alfa and beta are the two forms of recombinant DNA-derived erythropoietin (rEPO), both synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are used for the treatment of erythropoietin (EPO)-responsive anaemias. Several batches of each of these rEPOs were compared for differences in their EPO isoform compositions by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and in a range of lectin-binding assays, and for differences in their EPO activities by in-vivo and in-vitro mouse bioassays and by immunoassay. Epoetin beta was found to differ from epoetin alfa in containing: (a) a greater proportion of more basic isoforms, (b) a greater proportion of EPO binding to Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin (which binds N-glycans with nonsialylated outer Gal beta1-4GlcNAc moieties), and (c) isoforms with higher in-vivo:in-vitro bioactivity ratios. Epoetin beta also contained slightly more than epoetin alfa of EPO binding to Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (which binds N-glycans containing repeating Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequences), to the leucoagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris (which binds tetraantennary and 2,6-branched triantennary N-glycans) and to Agaricus bisporus agglutinin (which binds Gal beta1-3GalNAc containing O-glycans). No differences were found between the two rEPOs in their binding to a further five lectins. The differences between the isoform composition of epoetin alfa and beta, and the smaller inter-batch differences appear to be due to differences in glycosylation. The higher murine in-vivo:in-vitro bioactivity ratio of epoetin beta compared to epoetin alfa could not be explained in terms of differences in their degrees of sialylation, but was consistent with differences in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in human subjects. There have been no reports that epoetin alfa differs from epoetin beta in its clinical efficacy, but the differences between epoetin alfa and beta in some analytical systems suggest that there might be a need for separate international standards for these two types of rEPO.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Bacterial capsules: a simple method for demonstration under the light microscope.

It is sometimes desirable to demonstrate bacterial capsules during the routine examination of clinical isolates. Apart from the Indian ink method, methods of demonstrating bacterial capsules are not only tedious but are often non-reproducible. A combined positive-negative capsule staining procedure which is simple, rapid and reproducible is described.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

A survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal ward in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

The nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus among maternal-infant pairs was 18% compared with 39% among hospital staff in Ile-Ife, Nigeria during a 12-week survey. Of the newborns, 46% tested positive compared with 26% of their mothers. The S. aureus phage types recovered were predominantly of the group III type (38%); however, 28% of the strains isolated were non-typable. All the S. aureus strains were resistant to penicillin, 84% to tetracycline, and 35 and 24% were resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Altogether 19% of the strains tested were resistant to methicillin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The characterisation of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Of 166 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital patients and staff in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 32% were non-typable (NT). The strains were isolated from skin lesions, eye infections, wounds and nasal flora. Isolates from skin lesions or eye and wound infections were more likely to produce protease (95% and 78% respectively) than nasal isolates (11%). Nearly all (99%) of the strains isolated were resistant to penicillin and 78% were resistant to tetracycline. Streptomycin resistance occurred in 25% of isolates; 19% were resistant to chloramphenicol and 9% to methicillin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Transmissible trimethoprim resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea.

Of 190 isolates of Escherichia coli from children aged up to 5 years with diarrhoea, 72 (37.9%) were resistant to trimethoprim and of the 70 isolates tested, 38 transferred high level trimethoprim resistance (MIC greater than 1000 mg/L) into E. coli EC 1005. Of the enterotoxigenic isolates from which trimethoprim resistance was transferred, 41.2% also contained transmissible toxigenic characteristics. All the trimethoprim-resistant isolates were resistant to other antibiotics.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

A study of the incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) secreting heat-labile toxin in two communities in south-western Nigeria.

The incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was investigated at oral rehydration therapy clinics in Ibadan and Ile-Ife. The incidence rate of ETEC was 74 (21.3%) of the 347 diarrhoeal stool samples examined. ETEC incidence rate was 25.1% in Ibadan and 12.0% in Ile-Ife. Children aged between 0 and 18 months appeared most susceptible in both centres. A higher incidence of ETEC occurred among the male (31.9%) than female (17.0%) subjects at Ibadan but no such difference was obtained at Ile-Ife where 12.5% of males and 11.4% of female subjects were infected. The results obtained in this study suggest ETEC played a prominent role in infantile diarrhoea in the two centres studied.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1989

Transfer of low level trimethoprim resistance in faecal isolates obtained from apparently healthy Nigerian students.

Twenty-four of 63 enteric Gram-negative organisms (38.1%) which were isolated from 35 apparently healthy Nigerian students were found to have low trimethoprim resistance (MIC less than 1000 mg/l). These isolates were also found to be resistant to several other antibiotics and trimethoprim resistance was found to be transferable from 15 (62.5%) of the trimethoprim resistant organisms into E. coli EC 1005. It is likely that the high percentage of trimethoprim resistance encountered in this study is related to the high rate of resistance transfer which was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistances in organisms isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea in a Nigerian oral rehydration therapy clinic.

A total of 247 bacterial isolates were obtained from diarrhoeal patients aged 0-60 months in an oral rehydration therapy clinic in Ibadan and tested for sensitivity to 11 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Fifty isolates obtained from apparently healthy age-matched controls were similarly tested. The results show that 6(2.4%) of the isolates obtained from the diarrhoeal children were resistant to all the 11 antibiotics used in the test and that most of the others were resistant to several antibiotics. Similarly, a very considerable percentage of isolates obtained from children in the control group were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. It is therefore apparent that there is a high incidence of multiply-antibiotic-resistant isolates within the sample environment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

Trimethoprim resistance in urinary tract pathogens in two Nigerian hospitals.

One hundred and twenty eight (63.3%) of 202 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli from urinary infections in patients in two Nigerian hospitals were found to be resistant to trimethoprim. Of the trimethoprim-resistant organisms, 111 (86.7%) showed MICs of trimethoprim in excess of 1000 mg/l. Trimethoprim resistance was found to be transferable from 65 (50.8%) of these highly resistant organisms into Escherichia coli EC1005. The trimethoprim-resistant strains obtained in the study were also resistant to at least one other antibiotic of the nine tested.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

A long-term study of the nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy Nigerian students.

892 nasal swabs were collected from 50 pharmacy students (25 male and 25 female) over a period of 15 months. 323 (36.2%) contained Staphylococcus aureus and analysis of the results showed that 19 (38%) of the subjects were true nasal carriers of S. aureus, 23 (46%) were non-carriers, and the other 8 (16%) were sporadic non-carriers. 84% of the 162 isolates tested were resistant to penicillin and 58% were resistant to tetracycline.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Ability of bacteria isolated from the hospital environment to proliferate in infusion fluids.

The ability of some bacteria isolated from environmental sources to grow in commonly administered infusion fluids was investigated. Infusion fluids may become contaminated with bacteria present in the environment in which they are being administered and the ability of such bacteria to proliferate within commonly used infusion fluids is therefore clinically significant. Bacteria present in the air and sink drains in wards at the Ife State Hospital were isolated, identified, and comprised fifteen Gram-positive and five Gram-negative organisms. Fourteen of the organisms obtained were introduced into sterile distilled water and five different infusion fluid preparations and were monitored over a 48 h period. It was found that, in general, Gram-positive organisms did not grow in the fluids used, while Gram-negative organisms were able to proliferate in the same fluids. Some Gram-positive organisms showed remarkable ability to remain viable in infusion fluids for more than 48 h.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1985

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in a population of healthy Nigerian students.

The nasal carrier-rate of Staphylococcus aureus in 548 Nigerians aged 9-32 years and attending various educational establishments was 56.4%. This rate decreased with increasing age. A significantly greater proportion of females (65.0%) than males (46.5%) were carriers, but the excess in females was apparent only in subjects aged greater than 20 years. Mucoid strains of S. aureus, which gave a negative slide-coagulase reaction, were found in 21.5% of carriers aged 10-15 years, but were absent from members of other age-groups. A considerable proportion of all the strains tested were resistant to commonly used antibiotics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A study of the activity of soft soaps prepared from a homologous series of saturated fatty acids against cells of Escherichia coli NCTC 9001.

Soaps were prepared by direct neutralization of a homologous series of fatty acids with potassium hydroxide, the acids used being lauric, myristic palmitic and stearic acids. The antibacterial activity of these soaps were studied using Escherichia coli as the test organism. From the various phenomena examined it can be concluded that all the soaps used had a measure of antibacterial activity, the order of this activity being myristate, laurate, palmitate, and stearate. The antibacterial activity of both the palmitate and the stearate can only be described as marginal.

Acriflavine↗
PubMed1982

Nasal carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci in a Nigerian hospital community.

Nasal swabs taken from 324 subjects in a Nigerian hospital were examined for the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci. The subjects used in this study included the patients, staff and "auxiliaries" aged from one day to 70 years. The results obtained show that approximately 50% of all the subjects were nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and that age, occupation and length of the subjects' stay in hospital had a significant effect on this figure. It was also found that there is no significant difference between the prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus amongst the hospital staff and the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of hospital and non-hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal carriers.

The nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher in hospitalized persons (children, adult females and staff) - 53.8%, - than in similar persons at a local clinic - 29.8% (P less than 0.001) - in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. However, unlike studies carried out elsewhere, a higher proportion of S. aureus strains obtained from persons at the clinic were resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents than were strains isolated in the hospital. This has been attributed to the ease at which these drugs can be obtained by the general population and used unsupervised and indiscriminately. Methicillin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against pathologic staphylococci (2.2% resistance), followed by erythromycin (16.5% resistance), co-trimaxozole (28.0% resistance), chloramphenicol (76.9% resistance), tetracycline (78.6% resistance) and penicillin and ampicillin (97.8% resistance). The widespread resistance of S. aureus to penicillin and ampicillin (and other antimicrobial agents) is of clinical significance in the treatment of post-operative infections, since carriers are reportedly more prone to such infections than are non-carriers.

Adult↗