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Biomedical subjects

A Lystad

Publications and source records attributed to A Lystad.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Communicable diseases in Norway. Epidemiological status and future challenge for prevention of the most important diseases].

The authors briefly review the incidence of some of the more important communicable diseases in Norway today. Thanks to extensive use of vaccines, effective preventive measures and useful antibiotics, many of these diseases are no longer a threat to public health, as was the rule up to the latter half of this century. However, constant vigilance is needed to sustain this positive situation.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of the National Notification System for infectious diseases during an outbreak of Shigella epidemic in Norway 1994].

The National Notification System for Infectious Diseases, in Norwegian abbreviated to MSIS, registered 110 cases of Shigella sonnei-infection in persons with debut of symptoms during weeks 21 to 25, 1994, and where we did not receive information that the patients had been abroad. We evaluated the notification system during this outbreak of infectious disease by looking at delays in the notification process and estimating the proportion of patients who received an etiological diagnosis. It took a median time of seven days from onset of illness until a faecal specimen was obtained and a further ten days (maximum 15 days) until the result was registered in MSIS. The time lapse between receiving the specimen until MSIS had registered the result varied from six to 15 days among the laboratories which sent more than four notifications. In the summarical notification system we registered an increase of 712 cases (86%) of acute gastroenteritis compared with the same week the previous two years.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Contact tracing in genital chlamydia infections].

Only one in five general practitioners in Norway initiates notification of partner(s) after diagnosing a case of genital chlamydial infection. In order to increase the use of this efficient case-finding method we review the aims of notifying partners and the judicial, ethical and economical aspects of the method. We describe both provider-referral and patient-referral methods. The first approach is chosen when the index patient wants to remain anonymous. General practitioners are advised not to give the index patient medication for the contacts. Instead, the contacts should be examined and informed by qualified personnel. Notification of partner will be a cornerstone in the struggle to control the current epidemic of genital chlamydial infection in Norway.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1992

Asymptomatic subjects at HIV diagnosis have prolonged survival as AIDS patients.

The median AIDS survival for all AIDS patients was estimated as 11 months (95% confidence interval (Cl): 8-13 months). For the group of AIDS patients who were asymptomatic when HIV seropositivity was established, the median AIDS survival was 20 months (95% Cl: 13-23 months). For the group with symptomatic HIV infection or those who already had AIDS when HIV seropositivity was established, survival was estimated to 5 months (95% Cl: 1-15 months) and 4.5 months (95% Cl: 2-8 months), respectively. By using a Cox proportional hazard model it was found that being asymptomatic when HIV seropositivity was established or having Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as the initial AIDS-related disease were associated with long AIDS survival. Being HIV infected by transfusion was associated with short survival. Long AIDS survival in the asymptomatic group may be explained by a positive selection of slow disease progressors. Differences in diagnostic routines may also cause systematic differences in the estimated AIDS survival.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Hospital-acquired infections in Norway: a national prevalence survey in 1991.

A 1-day prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) was carried out in Norwegian somatic hospitals in 1991. The survey aimed at assessing the problem of HAI. 950 infections were found among the 14977 surveyed patients (prevalence rate 6.3%). HAI were more prevalent in combined intensive care units (prevalence rate 22%), surgical intensive care units (17%), haematological wards (15%), special care baby units (14%), and geriatric wards (14%). Urinary tract infections were most prevalent (33% of all HAI) followed by respiratory tract infections (21%) and surgical wound infections (17%). 157 (3.6%) of the 4382 patients who had undergone surgery, had a surgical wound infection. With a high response rate (76 out of 84 hospitals) and a sensitive method of screening the patients (chart review and bedside examination), this survey gives a fairly reliable measure of the prevalence of HAI in Norwegian somatic hospitals.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Norway 1975-91.

The epidemiology of meningococcal disease (MCd) in Norway is described on the basis of official notification figures for 1975-91. Morbidity is presented by serogroup of the isolated Neisseria meningitidis strain, time of onset of the disease in addition to the place of living, age and sex of the patient. A long-term group B epidemic with high incidence and case fatality rates in the age groups below 5 years and between 13 and 19-20 years is the main characteristics of the situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Prediction of the extent of heterosexual HIV infections in Norway in the 1990s].

Using a mathematical model, the extent of heterosexual HIV-infection in the years 1987-2000 is assessed on the basis of population-based data on sexual behaviour and data from the surveillance system for HIV-infections. The most probable prognosis give about 200 new cases of heterosexual HIV-infection per year at the end of the period, with a prevalence of HIV-infection of about 1,000 persons in the year 2000. According to the prognosis about 50 new cases of heterosexually acquired AIDS will occur per year in the late 1990s. The discrepancy between a high prognosis and a low prognosis is several hundred cases of HIV-infection per year. More precise prognoses will depend on routine collection of population-based data on risk behaviour and spread of infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[The risk of exposure to hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus among employees at Norwegian hospitals].

During the period from 1986 to 1989 a study was carried out to determine the risk of occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among approximately 5,500 employees at Aker hospital, Ullevål hospital and "Sentralsykehuset" in Akershus. Four hundred and fourteen injuries were reported during the study period of approximately 16,800 man-years, corresponding to an injury rate of 2.4/100 man-years. The majority of injuries occurred during direct patient contact in the wards. Of the known sources 8.2% were HBsAg positive and 16.8% HIV-antibody positive. One attendant contracted hepatitis B during the observation period. No HIV-seroconversion has been observed as yet.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1990

[Rubella monitoring in Norway].

WHO's "Health for All by the Year 2000" gives as subsidiary objective number 5 "The elimination of measles, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, congenital sequelae of rubella, diphtheria, congenital syphilis and malaria from the European region by the year 2000". This would be attained by a well organized primary care which guarantees effective epidemiological supervision, a vaccination programme with full support, instruction on the risks associated with syphilis, and screening and eventual treatment of pregnant women. It was earlier declared in Norway that congenital rubella should not occur after 1990. Vaccination is carried out; rubella has long been a notifiable disease, and the incidence thereof in females over the age of 15 years is registered in order to ascertain why and how women are nevertheless infected thereby.

Adolescent↗