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A M Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to A M Cooper.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Psychic change: development in the theory of psychoanalytic techniques. 37th IPA congress overview.

This paper addresses some of the methodological problems in assessing and understanding change in psychoanalysis, including the twin difficulties of not knowing precisely what transpires in an analytic session and not knowing to which of the many aspects of psychoanalytic process any particular change should be assigned. There are alternate models for understanding change. The most commonly used model is that of psychoanalytic growth with the analyst acting as a fostering maternal figure. An alternate model of change is of psychic repair with the analyst in a more physicianly role. Analysts also work with alternative models of trauma. In one model danger stems from the infant's own overwhelming affective states, while in the other model danger comes from parenting failures. Analysts also differ regarding the importance assigned to interpretation and insight rather than to the new relationships and altered experience. This paper elaborates these models and their implications for psychoanalytic technique and our understanding of psychic change.

Female↗
PubMed1991

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of whole and half tablets of sustained-release adinazolam mesylate.

The mechanism of release from sustained-release adinazolam mesylate tablets was assessed by the Higuchi equation and by analysis of drug release profiles through 60% released using the Peppas equation. Computed values of the diffusional exponent, n, ranged from 0.59 to 0.66. Values of n in this range are consistent with a mixed mechanism of release, with diffusion of drug through the hydrated polymer matrix and relaxation of this matrix being the principal processes controlling release. The rate of in vitro drug release was increased for half tablets relative to whole tablets and is attributed to an increase in the surface to volume ratio of half tablets of about 16%. This increase in surface-to-volume ratio of half tablets was reflected by an increase in the constant, k, from the Peppas equation of 20-23% and by an increase in the slope of Higuchi plots of 12-18% for four lots of tablets. In vivo/in vitro relationships from two bioavailability studies were thoroughly evaluated. Using either a linear or a quadratic relationship, an in vivo/in vitro correlation exists for sustained-release adinazolam mesylate tablets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Fasting and post-prandial splanchnic blood flow is reduced by a somatostatin analogue (octreotide) in man.

1. The effects of the subcutaneous administration of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (octreotide) or of placebo on the splanchnic blood flow response to a mixed solid meal has been examined in eight normal subjects by using a transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound technique. Each subject was studied on two occasions more than 1 week apart. 2. On the control day, feeding had a pronounced effect on both superior mesenteric artery and portal venous blood flows, causing a peak rise of 82% in superior mesenteric artery blood flow at 15 min and of 75% in portal venous blood flow at 30 min post-prandially (P less than 0.001). Blood flows remained elevated 2 h after the meal. Pulse and blood pressure showed no significant changes from baseline. 3. Octreotide reduced fasting superior mesenteric artery blood flow by 59% (P less than 0.05) and portal venous blood flow by 49% (P less than 0.01) and blunted the normal post-prandial rise. Pulse and blood pressure did not change in response to either the injection or the ingestion of the meal. 4. Octreotide suppressed the release of insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in response to feeding and resulted in post-prandial hyperglycaemia. 5. The mechanism of action of octreotide on splanchnic blood flow is uncertain. It may be mediated via a direct vascular effect or it may act via suppression of vasoactive intestinal hormones.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The histochemical reaction of horseradish peroxidase in rodent 'whole-brain' preparations.

Subsequent to eye injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 'whole-brain' preparations with only the cortex removed were reacted for HRP using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen and ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) as a stabilizer. Retinal projections could be photographed and visualized globally coursing across the surface of the thalamus and midbrain. The brains were then sectioned, and when necessary re-reacted, enabling a 3-D reconstruction of retinofugal pathways to be made.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Development and retraction of a crossed retinal projection to the inferior colliculus in neonatal pigmented rats.

A transient aberrant projection from the retina to the contralateral inferior colliculus was demonstrated in pigmented rats in both whole-brains and sections following intra-ocular injection of horseradish peroxidase. The projection was prominent on the day of birth but reached its maximum density and extent after injection on day 1, when it covered at least a third of the inferior colliculus. It was absent or nearly absent by day 5. Its consistency, size, orderliness and systematic retraction suggest that it is not merely a developmental accident.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Retinal topography of the neonatal crossed aberrant exuberant projection to the inferior colliculus in the pigmented rat.

The retinal topography of the neonatal transient projection to the inferior colliculus was investigated in pigmented rats by injecting the retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue into the colliculi. The results show that the projection arises from a small population of ganglion cells scattered across the entire contralateral retina, and that the transient projection is therefore not merely an overshoot of axons from the peripheral nasal retina whose appropriate target is the caudal pole of the superior colliculus.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1990

Expression of LPG and GP63 by different developmental stages of Leishmania major in the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi.

Development and forward migration of Leishmania parasites in the sandfly gut is accompanied by morphological transformation to highly motile, non-dividing 'metacyclic' forms. Previous studies in vitro have demonstrated that this metacyclogenesis is associated with developmentally regulated changes in expression of two major surface glycoconjugates of Leishmania, the lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the glycoprotein protease GP63. Studies presented here are the first to examine in situ the changes in expression of these two important surface molecules which occur during amastigote-initiated development of L. major in its natural vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Immunocytochemical analysis using a GP63-specific monoclonal (3.8), and others recognizing metacyclic-specific (3F12) and common (WIC79.3) epitopes of LPG on logarithmic and metacyclic promastigotes, demonstrates: (1) clear expression of LPG and GP63 from 2 and 7 days post-bloodfeeding, respectively; (2) developmental modification of the LPG molecule as parasites undergo forward migration and morphological changes associated with metacyclogenesis; and (3) striking deposition of large amounts of parasite-free excreted LPG on/in the epithelial cells of the gut wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Paradoxical patient reactions to psychiatric life support: clinical and ethical considerations.

The authors describe cases illustrating two types of high-risk and especially difficult suicidal psychiatric inpatients. In the first case, a suicidal patient reacted to psychiatric life support measures (maximum observation) with increasingly life-threatening acting out, necessitating a difficult, seemingly paradoxical staff decision to withdraw life support. In the second, a patient felt to be improving killed herself when life support was withdrawn. The authors argue that there are clinical limits to psychiatric life support and an appropriate goal of psychiatric treatment is to maximize the chances for patient survival, rather than to attempt to guarantee such survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

P-center judgments are generally insensitive to the instructions given.

The perceptual moment of occurrence of a syllable, its P-center, has frequently been examined by instructing subjects to adjust a series of speech sounds until they sounded isochronous. The present two experiments examined the effect of changing the instructions. In addition to the overall isochrony instructions, we asked subjects to align pairs of syllables so that the syllable onsets, vowel onsets, or syllable offsets sounded isochronous. In the first experiment, 3 of 4 subjects showed no difference among the first three instruction sets, and the changes introduced by the fourth went in the wrong direction. All subjects found it impossible to make alignments with respect to offsets. In the second experiment, vowel durations of two versions of some stimuli differed by 100 ms, to enhance the difference in syllable rhyme durations. Two subjects received the same instruction sets as in Experiment 1, and again found alignment with respect to offsets impossible. These subjects showed differences among the other instruction sets, although the direction and magnitude of the differences indicated that they had not succeeded in changing their timing criteria. The results indicate that P-center alignments are the syllable timing judgments that subjects most naturally make, and they may, indeed, be the only isochrony judgments that subjects can make reliably.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Narcissism and masochism. The narcissistic-masochistic character.

Our knowledge of narcissism has advanced hugely during the past two decades. Our interest in masochism as a theoretic and clinical entity has only begun to gather momentum. Developmentally and clinically, narcissistic and masochistic pathology are so intertwined that their theoretic and clinical unraveling requires specific attention to their linkage and the predictable forms of response to interpretation. It is therefore useful to think of the narcissistic-masochistic character as a clinical entity. In this condition, pathologic narcissistic tendencies are unconscious vehicles for attaining masochistic disappointment; and masochistic injuries are an affirmation of distorted narcissistic fantasies. Consistent interpretation of these conflicts and defenses, in the usual setting of benign empathic understanding, is desirable for the treatment of these patients.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1988

Our changing views of the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis: comparing Strachey and Loewald.

A comparison of Strachey and Loewald on the nature of therapeutic action reveals a deep shift in analytic interest away from the structural point of view and toward object relational and interpersonal frames of reference. Loewald's theoretical and technical revisions are far more sweeping than is usually acknowledged, and we can better benefit from his contribution by recognizing the full extent of his originality. Loewald's work also illuminates a major challenge for contemporary psychoanalysis: the need for an integration of the now disparate languages of metapsychology and clinical process.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1987

The psychodynamic formulation: its purpose, structure, and clinical application.

The authors present a brief written psychodynamic formulation that focuses on central conflicts, anticipates transferences and resistances, and helps guide all psychiatric treatments. After placing the presenting problem in the context of the patient's life and identifying nondynamic determinants of the psychopathology, the formulation explains the development of central conflicts and their repetitive effect on the patient's behavior. It concludes by describing how these conflicts will be manifested in treatment. Three sample formulations and their application are presented to illustrate the value of this clinical tool.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Changes in psychoanalytic ideas: transference interpretation.

Interpretation of the transference is central to all psychoanalytic models. Definitions of transference and transference interpretation have changed greatly during the past half-century, influenced by major movements in philosophy, advances in psychoanalytic research and theory, and changes in our understanding of Freud. This paper suggests that historical, relatively simple, concepts of the transference as the reproduction in the present of significant relationships from the past do not adequately meet current clinical and theoretical demands. Modernist views of the transference emphasize as additional sources of transference responses, the role of the analytic background of safety, the constant modification of unconscious fantasy and internal representations, and the interactive nature of transference responses, with important interpersonal and intersubjective components. It is suggested that the evolving modernist views of transference and transference interpretation permit a fuller accounting for transference phenomena and open the way for better informed interventions. A brief discussion of the issue of psychological "truth" and "distortion" as applied to transference phenomena is presented. The themes are illustrated with clinical vignettes.

Fantasy↗