Addison's disease and diffuse cerebral sclerosis.
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Addison Disease↗
Biomedical subjects
A M Gray
Publications and source records attributed to A M Gray.
Power and sample size calculations for stochastic cost-effectiveness analysis.
As the data for economic analyses are increasingly collected prospectively alongside clinical trials, many commentators have highlighted that the sample sizes in such trials should be based on the requirements for the economic analysis as well as those for the clinical evaluation. However, issues associated with sample size calculations for economic analysis have yet to receive the rigorous attention given to sample size calculation for clinical evaluation. In particular, no sample size formula for cost-effectiveness analysis is available for analysts hoping either to calculate the required sample size at the design stage of a study or to calculate the power a given size of clinical trial will generate for cost-effectiveness analysis. Building on the recent literature for calculating confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios, the authors explore possible techniques for deriving a sample size formula for cost-effectiveness analysis based on simple combination of the confidence limits on costs and effects.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗
The cost of cardiac rehabilitation services in England and Wales.
A random sample of 25 cardiac rehabilitation programmes in England and Wales was surveyed by questionnaire. Using workload and resource data returned, costs were calculated per centre, per patient and per session. Sixteen (64%) of the centres returned full details. Annual staffing costs per cardiac rehabilitation centre were in the range 10,000 Pounds to 62,000 Pounds, with a mean of just under 33,0000 Pounds (median 32,000 Pounds). Mean cost per patient completing the rehabilitation programme was 370 Pounds (median 223 Pounds), and mean cost per patient per session was 47 Pounds (median 26 Pounds). There was substantial intercentre variation in costs. Cost per patient was closely related to patient throughput and hours of contact time. The costs of rehabilitation programmes in this survey exceed earlier estimates. To assess the implications for the cost-effectiveness of such programmes, reliable data on the effectiveness of such programmes are now required.
Costs and Cost Analysis↗