Biomedical subjects

A M Halder

Publications and source records attributed to A M Halder.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Gliding properties of the long head of the biceps brachii.

To elucidate the role of mechanical forces that resist motion of the long head of the biceps brachii, the gliding resistance of the tendon during abduction and adduction was measured. Nine human cadaveric glenohumeral joints were obtained (mean age 68 years, range 47-84). A testing device was developed to simulate glenohumeral abduction and adduction motion. Gliding resistance was calculated as the force differential on the proximal and distal ends of the biceps brachii at five glenohumeral angles (15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees and 75 degrees ). The average gliding resistance in abduction at 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees and 75 degrees for a 4.9 N load was 0.41, 0.40, 0.36, 0.32 and 0.28 N, respectively. At these same angles, but during adduction motion, the force on the proximal tendon end was either identical or less than the distal tendon end (p>0.46) indicating a lack of resistance and even a phenomena of "negative" resistance in which some other force overcame the friction. The difference in gliding resistance between abduction and adduction was significant (p<0.05). The results indicate that forces opposing biceps tendon gliding are more complicated than simply due to friction. Tendon deformation inside the bicipital groove produces a direction-dependent effect due to a mechanism of elastic recoil. Understanding forces that are absorbed by the tendon during active motion may provide insight into pathological changes that develop inside and around the tendon.

Friction↗

PubMed2002

Biomechanical comparison of effects of supraspinatus tendon detachments, tendon defects, and muscle retractions.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff ruptures are frequently associated with loss of strength of the shoulder. However, the characteristics of the rotator cuff tear that are responsible for the loss of force generation and transmission have not yet been identified. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of supraspinatus tendon detachments, tendon defects, and muscle retractions on in vitro force transmission by the rotator cuff to the humerus. METHODS: The rotator cuff tendons from ten cadaver shoulders were loaded proportionally to the respective cross-sectional areas of their muscles. A fiberglass rod was cemented into the medullary canal of the humerus and connected to a three-component load cell for the measurement of the forces transmitted by the rotator cuff to the humerus. This study was performed with the humerus in a hanging arm position and with various sizes of supraspinatus tendon detachments, tendon defects, and muscle retractions. RESULTS: Detachment or creation of a defect involving one-third or two-thirds of the supraspinatus tendon resulted in a minor reduction in the force transmitted by the rotator cuff (< or =5%), while detachment or creation of a defect involving the whole tendon resulted in a moderate reduction (11% and 17%, respectively). Simulated muscle retraction involving one-third, two-thirds, and the whole tendon resulted in losses of torque measuring 19%, 36%, and 58%, respectively. Side-to-side repair of the one-third and two-thirds defects nearly restored the force transmission capability, whereas a deficit remained after side-to-side repair following complete resection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the rotator cable concept and correspond to the clinical observation that patients with a small rupture of the rotator cuff may present without a loss of shoulder strength. Muscle retraction is potentially an important factor responsible for loss of shoulder strength following large rotator cuff ruptures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Supraspinatus muscle retraction diminishes glenohumeral abduction torque significantly more than either a defect in the tendon or a simple detachment of the tendon from the tuberosity. In cases of irreparable defects, side-to-side repair may be worthwhile to restore muscle tension and the integrity of the rotator cable.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Dynamic inferior stabilizers of the shoulder joint.

BACKGROUND: The glenohumeral joint is soft-tissue balanced. However, few studies have focused on its dynamic inferior stabilizers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic contributions of five shoulder muscles to inferior stability of the glenohumeral articulation in four joint positions. METHODS: The anterior, lateral and posterior deltoid, supraspinatus, short head of biceps, coracobrachialis and long head of triceps from ten cadaveric shoulders were tested in 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees of glenohumeral abduction. A constant inferior force of 15 N was applied to the humerus. The tendons were loaded sequentially in proportion to their respective muscle's cross-sectional area. Translations of the humeral head on the glenoid were recorded with a 3-Space tracking device. RESULTS: The lateral deltoid (8.2 mm, SD 4.8 mm) was potentially most effective in superior translation of the humeral head followed by the posterior deltoid (7.7 mm, SD 4.8 mm). The coracobrachialis and short head of biceps had considerable capability to translate the humeral head superiorly (2.8 mm, SD 1.3 mm) while the supraspinatus showed the weakest effects (1.3 mm, SD 0.5 mm). RELEVANCE: Strengthening exercises of the deltoid may be useful in the treatment of inferior glenohumeral instability, while the supraspinatus seems to be less important for inferior glenohumeral stability than previously assumed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Dynamic contributions to superior shoulder stability.

It has been suggested that superior decentralization of the humeral head is a mechanical factor in the etiology of degenerative rotator cuff tears. This superior decentralization may be caused by muscular imbalance. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of individual shoulder muscles to superior stability of the glenohumeral joint. In 10 fresh frozen cadaver shoulders the tendons of the rotator cuff, teres major, latissimus, pectoralis major, deltoid and biceps were prepared. The shoulders were tested in a shoulder-loading device in 0 degrees, 30degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees of glenohumeral abduction. A constant superior force of 20 N was applied to the humerus. Tensile loads were applied sequentially to the tendons in proportion to their cross-sectional areas and translations of the humeral head relative to the glenoid were recorded with a 3Space Fastrak system. Depression of the humeral head was most effectively achieved by the latissimus (5.6 +/- 2.2 mm) and the teres major (5.1 +/- 2.0 mm). Further studies should elucidate their possible in vivo role in the frontal plane force couple to counter balance the deltoid. The infraspinatus (4.6 +/- 2.0 mm) and subscapularis (4.7 +/- 1.9 mm) showed similar effects while the supraspinatus (2.0 +/- 1.4 mm) was less effective in depression. Therefore, the infraspinatus and subscapularis should be surgically repaired whenever possible. The supraspinatus may be of less importance for superior stability than previously assumed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Effects of the glenoid labrum and glenohumeral abduction on stability of the shoulder joint through concavity-compression : an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Although the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile articulation of the human body, it is known to exhibit ball-and-socket kinematics. Compression into the glenoid labral concavity keeps the humeral head centered. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of joint position on glenohumeral stability through concavity-compression. METHODS: Ten cadaveric shoulders were tested. The glenoid was mounted horizontally onto a six-component load-cell while the humerus was clamped to a vertically unconstrained slide. An x-y stage translated the load-cell with the glenoid underneath the humeral head in eight different directions. Compressive loads of 20, 40, and 60 N were applied. The tests were repeated in 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of glenohumeral abduction with and without the labrum. Relative translations between the glenoid and the humeral head and the forces resisting translation were recorded. Then the stability ratio, defined as the peak translational force divided by the applied compressive force, was calculated. RESULTS: The average stability ratio was higher in the hanging-arm position than it was in glenohumeral abduction. The highest stability ratio was detected in the inferior direction (59.8% 7.7%) when the labrum was intact and in the superior direction (53.3% 7.9%) when the labrum had been resected. Under both conditions, the anterior direction was associated with the lowest stability ratio (32.0% 4.4% with the labrum and 30.4% 4.1% without the labrum). Resection of the glenoid labrum resulted in an average decrease in the stability ratio of 9.6% 1.7%. With increasing compressive load, the average stability ratio slightly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Glenohumeral stability through concavity-compression was greater in the hanging-arm position than it was in glenohumeral abduction. The average contribution of the labrum to glenohumeral stability through concavity-compression was approximately 10%, about one-half of the value previously reported. With the labrum intact, the glenohumeral joint was most stable in the inferior direction. Without the labrum, it was most stable in the superior direction. Under both conditions, it was least stable in the anterior direction. Glenohumeral joint stability through concavity-compression decreases with higher compressive loads.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder.

The anatomies and biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint and the scapulothoracic articulation are the subjects of this article. The anatomies of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles are described in detail, and current biomechanical concepts concerning motion, stability, and force are presented. Morphologic and biomechanical changes in pathologic conditions briefly are described.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗