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Biomedical subjects

A M Saxton

Publications and source records attributed to A M Saxton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Age-related changes in porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (pCBG) as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The objectives of this study were to develop an assay for the direct measure of porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (pCBG) and to confirm age-related changes in plasma pCBG concentration. Isolation and purification of pCBG from plasma was performed by affinity chromatography and HPLC-DEAE anion exchange techniques. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed two polypeptides (54 and 59 kDa) having similar amino acid homology (>50%) to previously reported sequences of seven mammalian species for the first 33 amino acids. Porcine CBG (20 ng/well) was immobilized to microtiter plates and standards or samples added along with rabbit antiserum developed against the purified pCBG. Goat anti-rabbit IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate was added followed by p-NPP substrate. The resultant color development was read at 405 nm. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (n=26) of a pooled sample were 10 and 15%, respectively. Age-related changes (P<0.001) in plasma pCBG concentration (n=203) from day 3 through 168 of age confirmed that, in the pig, changes seen in the percent distribution of cortisol among protein bound and free forms around day 28 of age are associated with an increase in CBG concentration.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of hydrogen ion concentration and pH genetic predictions and fixed effect estimations when assessing pork quality.

An evaluation of ultimate pH (pH) and hydrogen ion concentration (H+) was conducted to determine if the mathematical conversion of H+ to pH could affect 1. fixed and random effect inferences and 2. prediction of genetic merit of animals when either pH or H+ is used as an indicator in the assessment of pork quality. Data from 4,262 purebred animals and 577 sires having complete three-generation pedigrees from the 1991 to 2001 National Barrow Show Progeny Tests were utilized in this study. Existing loin muscle pH data were converted to their original H+. Numerical changes in values occurred across all fixed effects and in the case of breed and test, changes in differences among subclasses occurred. These changes may result in differing inferences that can be made depending on whether pH or H+ is used as the dependent variable. Heritability estimates for pH and H+ were 0.52 +/- 0.074 and 0.62 +/- 0.078, respectively. The Pearson correlation between pH and H+ breeding values was -0.92. Spearman Rank correlation of -0.91 between pH and H+ breeding values was calculated and indicates that sires do not rank the same when ordered by breeding values for each trait. When pH is the selection objective, the selection differential reduction in H+ from these data ranges from 3.8 to 9.1%. Additionally, only 77.7% of the estimated genetic progress per generation in H+ is realized when selection (5% selected) is based on pH. The genetic correlation between pH and H+ was -0.96. Changes in the absolute values of the genetic correlations between various pork quality indicator traits and pH or H+ concentration were 0.04 or less. Differences in pH and H+ results could impact decisions made by swine breeders and meat processors who are concerned about pork quality. This, combined with the greater heritability and biochemical reality for H+, indicates that H+ rather than pH is the more appropriate trait breeders and processors should focus on when attempting to improve pork quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Volatile fatty acid metabolism by epithelial cells isolated from different areas of the ewe rumen.

Cells were harvested from four rumen locations in four 2- to 3-yr-old ewes fed fescue hay to determine whether cell origin has an effect on cellular VFA metabolism. Tissue (approximately 150 cm2) was excised from the anterior cranial pillar, ventral sac floor, caudal pillar surface, and dorsal sac ceiling. Cells were isolated using serial tryptic digestion. One milliliter of isolate was incubated for 2 h in 6 mL of medium containing 25 mM propionate and 10 mM butyrate. Incubations were terminated at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and analyzed for beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lactate, and pyruvate. Cell yield was 22, 22, 24, and 14 (+/- 6) x 106 cells/mL, and viability was 92, 92, 94, and 87% for anterior cranial pillar, ventral sac floor, caudal pillar surface, and dorsal sac ceiling, respectively. All metabolite concentrations and ratios of redox pairs increased throughout the incubations, indicating continuous cellular activity. Final 2-h concentrations (nmol/10(6) cells) were 123, 113, 163, and 158 (+/- 35) for beta-hydroxybutyrate; 38, 42, 24, and 45 (+/- 10) for acetoacetate; 25.3, 20.6, 10.1, and 20.4 (+/- 5.6) for lactate; and 2.54, 0.98, 1.06, and 1.31 (+/- 0.61) for pyruvate in the anterior cranial pillar, ventral sac floor, caudal pillar surface and dorsal sac ceiling incubations, respectively. Origin of rumen tissue had no significant effect on metabolite production, indicating that cellular location is not a critical factor that affects rate of rumen epithelial cell VFA metabolism under these specific in vitro conditions.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

The effects of split marketing on the physiology, behavior, and performance of finishing swine.

One hundred twenty 8-wk-old barrows (20.3 +/- 2.0 kg BW) were used to examine the effect of split marketing on selected behavioral, physiological and performance parameters. Pigs were assigned by weight in a randomized complete block design to one of three treatments: SM (split-marketed), six pigs/pen (1.83 m2/pig); C (control), six pigs/pen (1.83 m2/pig); or MC (modified control), three pigs/pen (3.66 m2/pig). The heaviest half of SM animals were removed 1 wk prior to marketing penmates. Control and MC animals remained in their respective groups until marketing. Animals were videotaped during the first 72 h of the study (INITIAL), 72 h prior to (PRE), and following the removal (POST) of pigs in the SM treatment to quantify maintenance behaviors and to identify socially dominant, intermediate, and submissive pigs. A blood sample was collected from each animal upon completion of INITIAL, PRE, and POST time periods to determine neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and plasma haptoglobin, cortisol, and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) levels. Animals were weighed and feed disappearance was calculated biweekly. Tenth-rib backfat and area of the longissimus muscle at marketing were ultrasonically evaluated on all animals. Regardless of treatment, animals were more (P < 0.01) active (eating, standing/walking, fighting) at INITIAL than at PRE or POST times. Frequency and duration of fights per pen were less (P < 0.01) in MC than in C or SM pigs for all periods observed. Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, plasma haptoglobin, and CBG levels were greater (P < 0.01) during the INITIAL period than during the PRE or POST periods but did not differ between treatments. No treatment or time differences were detected in plasma cortisol levels. The MC pigs exhibited greater (P < 0.01) ADFI with poorer feed efficiency compared to C or SM pigs up to split marketing. During the POST period, both MC and SM pigs had greater (P < 0.01) ADFI with poorer (P < 0.01) feed efficiency than C pigs. The ADG was not different among animals as a result of treatment. There were no treatment differences for any of the carcass measurements. Significant differences in performance between the treatment groups could not be attributed to any physiological or behavioral measures reported here.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Diversity and characterization of sulfate-reducing bacteria in groundwater at a uranium mill tailings site.

Microbially mediated reduction and immobilization of U(VI) to U(IV) plays a role in both natural attenuation and accelerated bioremediation of uranium-contaminated sites. To realize bioremediation potential and accurately predict natural attenuation, it is important to first understand the microbial diversity of such sites. In this paper, the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in contaminated groundwater associated with a uranium mill tailings disposal site at Shiprock, N.Mex., was investigated. Two culture-independent analyses were employed: sequencing of clone libraries of PCR-amplified dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) gene fragments and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarker analysis. A remarkable diversity among the DSR sequences was revealed, including sequences from delta-Proteobacteria, gram-positive organisms, and the Nitrospira division. PLFA analysis detected at least 52 different mid-chain-branched saturate PLFA and included a high proportion of 10me16:0. Desulfotomaculum and Desulfotomaculum-like sequences were the most dominant DSR genes detected. Those belonging to SRB within delta-Proteobacteria were mainly recovered from low-uranium (< or =302 ppb) samples. One Desulfotomaculum-like sequence cluster overwhelmingly dominated high-U (>1,500 ppb) sites. Logistic regression showed a significant influence of uranium concentration over the dominance of this cluster of sequences (P = 0.0001). This strong association indicates that Desulfotomaculum has remarkable tolerance and adaptation to high levels of uranium and suggests the organism's possible involvement in natural attenuation of uranium. The in situ activity level of Desulfotomaculum in uranium-contaminated environments and its comparison to the activities of other SRB and other functional groups should be an important area for future research.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters.

Our objective was to determine the effects of mastitis during early lactation on the reproductive performance of Jersey cows. From 1986 to 1997, quarter foremilk samples were collected every 4 to 8 wk during lactation, at drying off, near calving, and when clinical mastitis was diagnosed and were evaluated microbiologically to identify causative bacteria. Services per conception, days open, and days to first service were obtained from DHIA records on 752 cows. Cows were separated by mastitis type (clinical, n = 186; subclinical, n = 240; control, uninfected or infected after confirmed pregnancy, n = 326). Cows were reclassified based on the time of clinical or subclinical mastitis as follows: period 1, before first service (n = 374); period 2, between first service and pregnancy (n = 52); and period 3, after confirmed pregnancy or uninfected (control; n = 326). Milk production did not differ for any group separations. Reproductive performance did not differ between gram-negative or gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis before first service had increased days to first service (77.3+/-2.7 and 74.8+/-2.7 d), days open (110.0+/-6.9 and 107.7+/-6.9 d), and services per conception (2.1+/-0.2 and 2.1+/-0.2) compared with controls (67.8+/-2.2 d, 85.4+/-5.8 d, 1.6+/-0.2; P < 0.05). Days to first service were not increased in cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis during period 2 (70.6+/-3.3 and 61.2+/-7.8 d). However, days open (143.6+/-8.5 d) and services per conception (3.0+/-0.2) were increased (P < 0.05) in cows with clinical mastitis during period 2, but not in cows with subclinical mastitis (90.9+/-20.2 d and 2.1+/-0.5). Cows initially diagnosed subclinical that became clinical during period 2 exhibited increased days to first service (93.9+/-10.1 d), days open (196.0+/-26.2 d), and services per conception (4.3+/-0.7) compared with control animals (P < 0.05). In conclusion, subclinical mastitis reduced reproductive performance of lactating cows similar to clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis followed by clinical mastitis resulted in the most severe loss in reproductive performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Endocrine profiles of dairy cows following experimentally induced clinical mastitis during early lactation.

Concentrations of LH, cortisol, estradiol-17beta (E(2)), prolactin and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGFM) were determined in cows with experimentally induced clinical mastitis during early lactation. Cows free of intramammary infection (IMI) and in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle were balanced by lactation number and days in milk and assigned to either control (n=5) or treatment (n=5) groups. Treated cows were infected experimentally (day 0), in two mammary quarters, with Streptococcus uberis and developed clinical mastitis within 60 h after inoculation as evidenced by increased mastitis scores, elevated rectal temperatures, mammary swelling and isolation of S. uberis pathogen. Four days following bacterial challenge, blood samples were collected every 20 min for 8 h for determination of PGFM and LH following administration of oxytocin and GnRH, respectively. Blood samples were also collected on days 0, 4 and 7 of the experiment to determine concentrations of E(2), prolactin and cortisol. Four days after bacterial challenge, concentrations of cortisol were higher (P=0.04) in experimentally infected cows than controls. Experimentally challenged cows had increased (P=0.02) concentrations of cortisol on days 4 and 7 compared with day 0. Control cows had no significant increase in blood cortisol during the experimental period. Baseline concentrations of PGFM did not differ between groups; however, peak concentrations of PGFM following oxytocin challenge were elevated (P=0.006) in cows with clinical mastitis compared with control animals. Prolactin, E(2) and LH did not differ between cows with clinical mastitis or controls. Experimentally induced mastitis during early lactation elevated concentrations of cortisol during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Furthermore, mastitic cows demonstrated an increased PGFM response following oxytocin administration. Altered reproductive efficiency in cows with clinical mastitis caused by Gram-positive pathogens may be the result of increased uterine sensitivity to prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Doppler ultrasonographic features of thoracic limb arteries in clinically normal horses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine blood flow velocities and indices from spectral waveforms obtained by use of Doppler ultrasonography of thoracic limb arteries of horses and to assess interobserver and patient variability associated with the technique. ANIMALS: 9 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Left thoracic limb arteries of 8 nonsedated horses were examined at 5 sites by use of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography to determine a range of values for peak systolic, end diastolic, and mean velocities and resistive and pulsatility indices. Interobserver and patient variabilities were determined by 2 operators repeating similar measurements on 1 horse 8 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: A range of values for each variable measured at the 5 selected sites was obtained. For each variable, strong positive correlations (R > or = 0.7) were detected for > 70% of the site-to-site comparisons made (excluding the coronary band). Among horses, resistive index varied least, whereas over time, mean velocity varied least. Waveform characteristics were consistent with resistive (n = 5) or nonresistive (4) patterns. In the single-horse experiment, waveform characteristics were consistent throughout the 8 weeks, and operator effects were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Doppler ultrasonography of no one site resulted in more reliable measurements of blood flow characteristics in thoracic limb arteries of horses. Mean velocity and resistive index were the least variable measurements made. Pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography may be a useful technique for evaluating diseases that alter normal thoracic limb arterial blood flow in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of diet as a cause of gastric ulcers in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To measure pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and lactate concentrations in stomach contents and determine number and severity of gastric lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay-grain diets. ANIMALS: Six 7-year-old horses. PROCEDURE: A gastric cannula was inserted in each horse. Horses were fed each diet, using a randomized crossover design. Stomach contents were collected immediately after feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after feeding on day 14. The pH and VFA and lactate concentrations were measured in gastric juice Number and severity of gastric lesions were scored during endoscopic examinations. RESULTS: The alfalfa hay-grain diet caused significantly higher pH in gastric juice during the first 5 hours after feeding, compared with that for bromegrass hay. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in gastric juice, and number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. Valeric acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid concentrations and pH were useful in predicting severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain, whereas valeric acid concentrations and butyric acid were useful in predicting severity of those lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An alfalfa hay-grain diet induced significantly higher pH and VFA concentrations in gastric juice than did bromegrass hay. However, number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. An alfalfa hay-grain diet may buffer stomach acid in horses.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Effects of orally administered enteric-coated omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of orally administered omeprazole, as enteric-coated capsules, on baseline and stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses. ANIMALS: 5 healthy 8-year-old mixed-breed horses fitted with gastric cannulas. PROCEDURE: Enteric-coated granules of omeprazole were mixed with corn syrup and administered orally once daily for 5 consecutive days. On days 1 and 5 beginning 5 hours after omeprazole administration, 4 gastric fluid samples were collected, each for 15 minutes, via the gastric cannula (baseline samples). Pentagastrin was administered IV as a constant infusion for the subsequent 2 hours, and 15-minute gastric fluid samples were again collected (stimulated samples). Fluid volume, acidity (mmol H-/L), and pH and gastric acid production (mmol H+) were determined for all baseline samples and for stimulated samples collected during the second hour of pentagastrin infusion. Control experiments were done in a similar manner after giving corn syrup alone to the same horses. RESULTS: Compared with values obtained during control experiments, baseline and stimulated gastric fluid acidity and gastric acid production significantly decreased, and the mean pH of gastric fluid samples significantly increased, after horses were given 5 daily doses of omeprazole. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteric-coated omeprazole (1.0 mg/kg of body weight; PO) administered once daily for 5 days significantly inhibited unstimulated and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses. This commercially available formulation of omeprazole may be efficacious in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in horses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Urinary diagnostic indices in calves.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for urinary diagnostic indices in healthy calves from birth to 90 days of age. DESIGN: Prospective field trial. ANIMALS: 12 Holstein heifer calves. PROCEDURE: Urine and serum samples were collected daily for the first 5 days after birth, then weekly until calves were 90 days old. Urine:serum creatinine ratio, urine:serum urea nitrogen ratio, urine:serum osmolality ratio, fractional clearances of sodium and inorganic phosphate, and urine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity were measured. Data were grouped by age of calves at the time of sample collection: 1 to 5 days old (neonatal period), 7 to 27 days old (suckling period), and 28 to 90 days old (weanling period). RESULTS: Mean urine:serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and osmolality ratios were significantly higher during the weanling period than during the other 2 periods. There were no significant differences in mean fractional clearances of sodium among age periods. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Urinary diagnostic indices calculated for these healthy calves may be used as reference values for early recognition of renal damage or renal failure.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on progesterone production by granulosa cells in laying hens of different genetic lines.

In vitro progesterone production by granulosa cells in the presence or absence of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (hrTNF-alpha) was measured at 10, 20, and 30 wk of egg production in White Leghorn hens selected for high (HA)- or low-antibody (LA) response to sheep red blood cell challenge. Isolated granulosa cells from the three largest preovulatory follicles (F1-F3) were incubated with 5 or 250 ng/ml hrTNF-alpha, and progesterone production was determined by the use of a validated radioimmunoassay. F1, F2 and F3 granulosa cells from HA hens produced more (P < or = 0.05) progesterone (140.8, 107.2, and 49.7 ng/ml) than LA hens (109.4, 78.9, and 26.9 ng/ml). The treatment of granulosa cells with hrTNF-alpha consistently inhibited (P < or = 0.05) progesterone secretion by all follicles among HA and LA hens, but not always at both doses. Generally, 5 ng/ml hrTNF-alpha was the maximum inhibitory dose. In the laying hen, a decrease in steroid production in response to cytokines may upset the steroid balance created by follicular hierarchy and inhibit or delay ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Performance of Angus and Brangus cow-calf pairs grazing Alicia bermudagrass and common bermudagrass-dallisgrass pastures.

This research was designed to examine genotype x environment interactions in cow-calf growth performance of grazing animals. Angus and Brangus cow-calf pairs (minimum of six per breed) were allowed to rotationally graze (14-d intervals) treatment pastures from approximately May through early October in each of 2 yr. Treatment pastures contained relatively pure stands of Alicia bermudagrass (AP) or a mixed stand of common bermudagrass and dallisgrass (CDP). Forage allowance was equalized, using "put-and-take" cow-calf pairs, among forage and breed types at the initiation of each 14-d grazing interval. Forage samples were obtained in each paddock at the initiation of each grazing interval. Forage CP concentration was greater (P < .05; 13.5 vs 11.6%) and NDF concentration was less (P < .05; 63.8 vs 70.6%) for CDP than for AP. Daily weight loss was similar for Angus and Brangus cows, but it was greater (P < .05) for cows grazing AP than for cows grazing CDP. Calf ADG during the grazing season was 35% greater (P < .05) for CDP than for AP pastures and was 23% greater (P < .01) for Brangus than for Angus calves. Relative performance of Angus and Brangus cow-calf pairs was consistent between forages; no breed x forage interactions were observed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

The effect of artificial insemination once versus twice per day.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inseminating Jersey cows and heifers once per day or according to the a.m.-p.m. rule. A total of 337 artificial inseminations (AI) were completed by three technicians at the University of Tennessee Dairy Experiment Station at Lewisburg for 6 mo. Cows and heifers were inseminated at estrus using the a.m.-p.m. rule on even days of the month. On odd days of the month, AI were once daily between 0800 and 1200 h. Estrus detection was conducted two to three times daily. Pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation 60 to 80 d after AI. Herd DHIA averages were a 12.2-mo calving interval, 76 d to first AI, 83% observed estruses, and a 50% conception rate during the trial. Pregnancy data were analyzed with a model including treatment, AI, lactation number, parity, technician, and group. This study grouped cows and heifers according to when they were in estrus and inseminated (a.m.-a.m., a.m.-p.m., or p.m.-a.m.); means were 43.7, 57.9, and 59.0%, respectively. The a.m.-p.m. AI versus once per day AI yielded a pregnancy rate of 55.6% versus 51.3%. These results show no difference among Jersey cows or heifers that were inseminated artificially once daily in the a.m. However, those cows and heifers inseminated in the a.m. of first estrus detection had a lower pregnancy rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Measurement of total body water content in horses, using deuterium oxide dilution.

OBJECTIVE: To measure total body water (TBW) content in horses, using deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. ANIMALS: Six 8- to 10-year-old healthy untrained mixed-breed horses, weighing (mean +/-SD) 503.4 +/- 64.0 kg. PROCEDURE: After a 12-hour nonfeeding period, 6 horses were given D2O (0.14 g/kg of body weight) via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected from a preplaced indwelling jugular vein catheter prior to and 1 to 8, 10, 12, 14, and 24 hours after administration of D2O. Blood samples were centrifuged immediately, and plasma was collected and stored at -70 C until analysis. The D2O content in plasma was measured by zinc reduction to deuterium gas. The resulting gas was measured, using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Deuterium oxide was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of all horses, and reached peak (mean +/- SD) plasma concentration (1,454.4 +/- 163 delta D/ml or parts/thousand) 1 hour after administration. Plasma concentration decreased slowly during the next 2 to 3 hours, then remained statistically constant from 2 to 5 hours (early plateau phase) and 3 to 7 hours (late plateau phase) after administration. Mean +/- SEM TBW content was 623.0 +/- 2.2 ml/kg (62.3% of body weight) for the early plateau phase and 630.3 +/- 2.2 ml/kg (63.0% of body weight) for the late plateau phase. CONCLUSION: Deuterium oxide dilution appears to be of value for measurement of TBW content in horses, and has a 4-hour plateau effect. Equilibration of D2O with large intestinal water may be the reason for the prolonged equilibrium time and plateau effect seen in these horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Deuterium oxide appears safe and efficacious for determining TBW content in horses and may be helpful for determining changes in TBW content during exercise and disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Alterations in blood viscosity in horses competing in cross country jumping.

Packed cell volume and plasma total protein (TP), serum albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb), and plasma ionized calcium (PCa) concentrations, blood viscosity (BV), and plasma viscosity (PV) were measured in 42 horses at rest and after the cross country jumping phase of a horse trial competition. The BV and PV were determined at 6 shear rates (230, 115, 46, 23, 11.5, 5.75 s-1), using a digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between PCV, TP, Alb, Glb and PCa values at rest and after exercise. The PCV, TP, Alb, and Glb values increased (P < 0.05) in horses after exercise. The PCa concentration decreased (P < 0.05) in horses after exercise. Mean BV and PV in the 42 horses at rest and after exercise were fitted to an asymptotic function. Significant (P < 0.05) correlation at all shear rates was seen between BV at rest and PCV, TP, Alb, Glb, and PCa values at rest; and between BV after exercise and PCV, TP, Alb, Glb, and PCa values after exercise. Significant correlation was not seen between PV at rest and TP, Alb, Glb, and PCa at rest, or between PV after exercise and TP, Alb, Glb, and PCa concentrations after exercise at any shear rate.

Animals↗