Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A M Ulanova.
In spite of intensive antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy, most patients with acute radiation sickness I-IV severity grade (dose of 0.1-13.7 Gy) developed infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Frequency and intensity of those infections were proportional to the radiation dose and severity grade of radiation sickness.
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Basing on assessment of skin microflora in 3186 apparently health able-bodied individuals and on subsequent study of acute morbidity, the authors revealed direct dependence between these parameters: only 3.4% of people with normal level of microflora became ill during 1 month after the examination, the value of those with higher level was 15.5%. Therefore the skin microflora test could serve for prognosis.
Humoral and cellular factors of the immune system of 133 subjects injured in the Chernobyl accident were studied during first 1.5-2 months after radiation, 5-17 months and 3 years after they suffered acute radiation sickness (I-IV degree). Significant disorders in the immune system correlating with the severity of the disease were recorded. In late terms certain shifts persisted in the immune status of subjects who had suffered acute radiation sickness, II and III degree.
As many as 138 patients with acute radiation sickness, grades O-IV, were examined over time. It has been revealed that disorders in microecology and humoral immunity agreed well with the severity of radiation damage.
Active anaphylaxis in 238 guinea-pigs has revealed a decrease in the anaphylactogenic activity of horse blood serum IgG conjugates with dextran and of serum treated with dextran according to Diaferm method. The conjugates were used for a challenge injection. The sensitizing activity of dextran-conjugated proteins was higher than that of native proteins. The effect was most pronounced with 150,000 D dextran used as a matrix. A lower increase in sensitizing protein activity and a decrease in anaphylactogenic activity were achieved with dextran matrix of the molecular weight of 35-50 D and protein/dextran ratio from 1:6 to 1:9.
It has been demonstrated in experiments on 2160 CBA mice and mice of mixed breed, irradiated by LD90/30, that therapeutical administration (subcutaneous or intraperitoneal) of immunoglobulins - homologous (polyglobulin, IgG, IgM) or heterologous - polyglobulin, IgG (from human, equine, canine blood) repeated three times, i.e., 2, 24 and 48 hours after irradiation, not only induces longer survival, but also shows a normalizing effect on the commonly developing dysbacteriosis and increased amount of intestinal microflora and, in addition, leads to suppression of postirradiation endogenous infection. Enterobacteria, enterococci, staphylococci, yeasts, disappear from the small intestine or their quantity decreases substantially in treated irradiated mice in contrast to untreated irradiated mice. In the large intestine, the amount of these organisms decreases considerably while the content of lactobacteria increases; no microbes can be found in the internal organs and in blood (or their content is small). Other conditions being equal, homologous immunoglobulins are more efficient in comparison with heterologous, this applying also to preparations containing normal antibodies to tissues.
Experiments on 2,520 CBA mice (CBA X X C57BL) F1 nice have shown that the injection of homologous serum immunoglobulins (obtained from intact and blood-stimulated animals), made 2 hours after gamma irradiation from a 60Co source, prevents the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis and endogenous infection. The injection of mouse and human immunoglobulins to nonirradiated mice improved their resistance to experimental infection with Escherichia coli live culture, increased the expression of receptors to the Fc-fragments of IgG in peritoneal macrophages and enhanced the physical working capacity of the animals. The preparations containing normal antitissular antibodies have proved to be particularly effective. In mice, rabbits and dogs the preparations under test have produced no changes in the general state of the animals, no local reactions and no disturbances in the cardiovascular activity.
Literary data (48 references) on the phenomenon of polyclonal activation (PA) of lymphocytes are analysed and PA inductors of various nature are classified. A new trend in the study of PA is pointed out--the recording of nonspecific reactions to not only exogenous, but also endogenous antigens (mostly autologous erythrocytes and DNA). The problems of the mechanism of PA, the role of the normal autoimmune system, T-cells and macrophages, increased synthesis of specific and nonspecific immunoglobulins and cell proliferation are discussed. The great protective significance of PA as the quickest humoral reaction of the organism on the intrusion of antigenic products or their endogenous synthesis is emphasized. The possibility of using PA for the characterization of the function of B-cells and the normal system of autoimmunity is pointed out. In the study of PA, a standard complex of antigens should be used which should invariably include the cells of microbial autoflora of the body as well as tissue antigens for the detection of autoimmune reaction.
An analysis is presented of experimental and clinical data from different authors on the stimulating effect of autohaemotherapy with regard to the immunological reactivity of humans and animals as well as in vitro experiments with lymphocytes. Erythrolysate has been found to exert a more powerful effect than intact erythrocytes. The stimulating effect of autohaemotherapy on both irradiated and non-irradiated animals manifests itself in an increase in resistance to infection (increased LD50 in experimental infection), enhanced production of antibodies to microbial and tissue antigens and activated functioning of cell-mediated immune defence mechanisms. The favourable influences on radioresistance and the antitumour effect of authohaemotherapy are described. Induced desensitization plays an important part in the mechanism of action of autohaemotherapy. The administration of large doses of erythrocytes or of erythrolysate results in immunosuppression. Autohaemotherapy does not cause side effects and is feasible both on an in-and out-patient basis.
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It has been shown in experiments on 240 mice (lines CBA, C57Bl, their first generation F1 hybrids and animals of mixed breed) that spleen cells of mice immunized by subcutaneous administration of 0.2 ml of pigeon blood are capable of producing the formation of plaques of hemolysis with autologous erythrocytes and rosettes with pigeon erythrocytes. This indicates the immediate participation of cells producing autohemolysins in the specific immune response.
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Experiments were conducted on 105 mongrel female albino mice weighing 18--22 g (intact, irradiated in a dose of 700 r with gamma-rays 60Co or immunized with SRBC) and on intact hybrids F1, CBAxC57BL. Phase contract microscopy showed autoimmune hemolysis plaques to be large or irregular and to posses a girdle made up of deformed and lysed erythrocytes and to contain stroma "ghosts" of the latter around the central cell. Plaques obtained in hypertensive medium were always round and the bordering girdle consisted of intact erythrocytes, whereas the plaque filed was homogeneous or contained granules. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium atoms in the suspension fluid of the preparations failed to exceed their content in the cells (as demonstrated by Jerne's method modified by the authors on a mixture of spleen cells with autologous blood). Addition of antiglobulin serum into the preparation on a slide in a 1:5 dilution suppressed the formation of autoimmune plaques, and in a dilution of 1:50--increased it considerably.
Experiments on mice demonstrated that serum homologous globulin preparations containing normal autoantibodies caused induction of autoantibodies in subcutaneous injection to intact animals; this was recorded on the basis of increase of the blood autoantibody level and of the plaque-forming cells content in the spleen tissue. This activation was seen as soon as the first hours--24 hours after the administration of the preparation and failed to disappear in 7 days, persisting in repeated administration of the preparation.
Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice weighing 18 to 22 g. Development of early autoimmune reaction in response to the primary administration of microbial antigens was revealed; its intensity and duration depended on the dose of the antigen. Injection of physiological saline of the same or greater volume led only to the short-lived increase in the count of the autoantibody synthesizing cells in the spleen tissue. In repeated contact with the given antigen, there was noted a marked intensification of the reaction to homologous antigen, and a depression--to heterologous one in 7 to 14 days. Reaction to the administration of physiological saline alone failed to alter.
Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice. The capacity of the plasma obtained in 30 minutes from the animals vaccinated uith the microbial antigens of the animals to cause temporary activation of the autoimmune reaction in the recipients, in passive transfer, was revealed. The capacity of spleen cells, forming autohemolysins, to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells after the immunization with this antigen was demonstrated by means of Cunningham and Pilarsky's method.