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Biomedical subjects

A Mayr

Publications and source records attributed to A Mayr.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Efficacy of prescription-eligible digital health applications for depression and generalized anxiety disorder in Germany: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In Germany, prescription-eligible digital mental health applications (DiGA) were introduced in 2020 as promising interventions to address, among others, depression and anxiety disorders, two of the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide. Despite growing interest in DiGAs, their overall efficacy remains uncertain. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and quantify the efficacy of prescription-eligible digital interventions for depression and generalized anxiety disorder by synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (19 trials; total N = 4,078; pooled mean age = 38.7 years, SD = 12.1). Here we show that prescription-eligible digital applications for depression and generalized anxiety disorder reduce symptom severity compared with control conditions. For depression, effects were observed both immediately after the intervention (number of apps = 5; k = 17; SMD = - 0.49; 95% CI - 0.65 to - 0.32) and at follow-up (number of apps = 1; k = 4; SMD = - 0.35; 95% CI - 0.46 to - 0.29), while evidence for generalized anxiety disorder was limited due to a small number of available studies (number of studies = 2). These findings support the integration of evidence-based digital tools into mental health treatment strategies in Germany. However, the available evidence is currently dominated by a small number of applications, particularly Deprexis, and should therefore not be interpreted as equally representative of all DiGAs currently listed for depression in Germany. The findings also highlight methodological limitations of current research and underscore the need for real-world evaluations, which address not only efficacy but also the effectiveness, content, quality and implementation.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder↗
PubMed1979

[Abolition of compulsory vaccination against smallpox. Increased danger to humans from animal smallpox? (author's transl)].

After the world-wide eradication of human smallpox, compulsory vaccination against smallpox will no longer be applicable in future in most countries. Although the human smallpox virus (variola virus) appears to have no animal reservoir, humanity is increasingly endangered in future by animal smallpox viruses pathogenic in man against which he has been so far protected by the general smallpox vaccination. This is a virus type of the Genus Orthopox virus. The risk from animal pox viruses, which are not related to the Orthopox virus, remains unchanged. Of the animal Orthopox viruses the monkey pox viruses deserve special attention; possibly rodents also play a decisive role in transmission of smallpox.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of a new "paramunity" inducer (PIND-AVI) for human beings and animals].

Attenuated and by treatment with gamma rays inactivated avian Pox viruses (PIND-AVI) stimulate in man and animals selectively the T-lymphocytes. In this way PIND-AVI helps to repair a reduced reactivity of lymphocytes damaged by cytostatic chemotherapy: The lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin could be normalized. In immunodeficient patients PIND-AVI showed very good effects in the treatment of herpes Virus infections.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1979

[Nature and significance of persistent infections (author's transl)].

The "persistent" viral infections, besides "subclinical" infections, pertain to the vast group of "clinically inapparent" infections. They differ from subclinical infections by a temporally unlimited "co-existence" with the pathogen. Pathogenetically, three forms of development are possible: 1. latent infections, 2. tolerated infections, 3. occult infections. Persistent viral infections are the inexhaustible reservoir for many viruses. To the organism affected they may be of benefit (infection immunity, interference, paraimmunity) or of disadvantage (activation of the infection with conversion into a disease, cause of many chronic, slowly developing disease processes, immunopathogenic consequences), the disadvantages prevailing. To the environment, persistent infections are invisible sources of danger as they produce carriers and chronic carriers.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1979

In vitro studies on Borna virus. II. Properties of the virus.

Successful cultivation and titration of Borna disease virus in cell cultures enabled detailed studies of the virus properties. Borna virus is labile towards treatment with heat, pH 3.0 and lipid solvents. It is relatively stable at low temperatures and in frozen state. It is easily inactivated by ultraviolet light as e.g. vesicular stomatitis virus. After ultrafiltration studies, the size of the infectious virus unit is between 80 and 100 nm. Its buoyant density in cesium chloride is 1.165 g per ml. The one step multiplication curve shows that Borna virus has a replication cycle of about 2 days in BSC 1 cells. In growth experiments using antimetabilites it behaves like certain RNA containing viruses. As its multiplication is not inhibited by bromo- and iododeoxyuridine and actinomycin D, no DNA step seems to be involved in virus synthesis. Regarding these properties and the intracellular antigen distribution as shown by fluorescent antibodies, it is not possible to attribute Borna virus to any of the established virus groups.

Antimetabolites↗
PubMed1979

Physical characterization of a stomatitis papulosa virus genome: a cleavage map for the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI.

The genome of stomatitis papulosa virus (a parapoxvirus) was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI, each giving rise to 6 fragments respectively. Double digestion with both enzymes resulted in 8 bands, two of which contained DNA fragments in double molar concentrations as revealed by reciprocal digests of isolated DNA fragments. The genome size, estimated by summation of the molecular weights of the fragments, is approximately 86 X 10(6) daltons, some 30 X 10(6) daltons smaller than vaccinia virus (an orthopoxvirus) DNA. The cleavage sites of HindIII and EcoRI endonucleases were mapped on the genome by analysis of reciprocal digests of isolated DNA fragments and by cross-hybridization experiments. This yielded two mapped segments which were then oriented relative to one another by cleavage of isolated partial digestion products. The terminal restriction fragments show rapid renaturation after alkali denaturation and subsequent neutralization, indicating that stomatitis papulosa virus DNA contains terminal cross-links analogous to those found in vaccinia virus DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Facts and speculations on viruses in food (author's transl)].

The danger to which man is exposed as a result of viruses contained in food differs basically from the risk to man caused by bacteria, fungi or their toxins. With respect to viral injuries it is not the specific diseases (e.g. hepatitis and polio) that are in the foreground but the much more dangerous noxious groups whose cause/effect relationships are rather complex. 1. the oncogenic risk, 2. synergistic interactions with opportunistic problem viruses, 3. slowly developing chronic diseases and persistent infections with their indirect injuries, 4. new infectious pathogens (viroids). Viral contamination of food can be exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous contamination is possible by: 1. specific human-pathogenic viruses, 2. polyphagous, human-pathogenic and animal-pathogenic viruses (zoonosis), 3. animal-pathogenic viruses only, 4. fish viruses, 6. bacteriophages, 7. fungal viruses. The viruses of group 1 and 2 are of practical importance, those of group 6 and 7 are it occasionally. Endogenous contamination is caused when an animal suffered from a viral infection at the time of slaughter or product extraction (e.g. milk, egg, fish) or when the animal has picked up a virus shortly beforhand. As far as endogenous contamination is concerned, a distinction must be made between 1. primarily biological and 2. primarily mechanical contamination. For the first, mainly the clinically inapparent especially persistent infections and viraemic stages at the end of incubation are dangerous. In both cases the animal is clinically healthy. In primarily biological contamination the zoonosis viruses predominate. In addition the bacteriophages must be taken into account. Primarily mechanical contamination is restricted to fish, molluscs, milk and eggs. The possibilities and consequences of exogenous and endogenous contamination are discussed. The risk of viral transmission by foodstuffs depends chiefly on the tenacity of the virus in the affected food, but also on its virulence and concentration. Basic considerations are discussed. Practically from any useful, healthy animal the most varied viruses can be isolated. In order to avoid destroying the confidence of the consumer, it is necessary to take stock of the following: 1. viral contamination in foodstuffs demonstrated so far 2. verified human diseases caused by the intake of virus-contaminated foodstuff and 3. speculations on imaginable consequential damage caused by the consumption of food containing virus. This is also dealt with in the paper. In a final, critical review the importance of virus contained in food is discussed comprehensively from a scientific, legal and practical point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Nonspecific prophylaxis and therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound-infections with paramunization using a mouse-model (author's transl)].

The effectiveness of paramunization as a antigen nonspecific method to activate mechanisms against wound-infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using a model of direct infection of mice with a "mice-pathogenic" Ps. aeruginosa strain on artificially set wounds. Active paramunization by means of a biological inducer "PIND-AVI" (M-HP 438) significantly reduced the mortality rate between treated and placebo animals. The best results were obtained by parenteral prophylactic application. A four times repeated injection of PIND-AVI before the wound-infection reduced the mortality rate from 80% (placebo animals) to 26.6%. Almost equally good results were obtained by clinically useful therapeutic application of the preparation. A four times repeated treatment of the mice after wound infection lead to a decrease of mortality rates from 86.6% to 36.6%. The paramunization inducer PIND-AVI caused no side effect in any of the experiments. The mode of inducer action in Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections appears to be complex. Increased phagocytosis by nonspecific opsonisation, increased macrophage activity and concurrent stimulation of the lymphopoetic system could possible occur. On the other hand the nonspecific action of mediators could also play a role due to the inducer stimulated T-cells and cellular antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However both mechanisms in cooperation with specific and nonspecific humoral factors are probably interacting together. To what extent a simultaneous synthesis resp. release of endogeneous interferon plays a role is not known.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1978

[Premunity, premunization and paraspecific effect of immunizations (author's transl)].

A considerable part of the paraspecific effect of immunization falls under the common term of a general increase in resistance. Bacterial competition, antibiosis, interference, interferon formation and lymphocyte stimulation, on the other hand, are more than an increase in resistance. It is proposed that the sum of the stimulation of all these activities including increased resistance shall be called premunization and the short-lasting nonspecific protection against a number of quite different infectious diseases produced by this in the body shall be called premunity. Experience with the paraspecific effect of immunizations, with increasing drug resistance, interferonization and lymphocyte stimulation form the basis for the development of a "premunity inducer". The efficacy of a biological inducer is described with reference to our own experiments.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1978

[The smallpox vaccination strain MVA: marker, genetic structure, experience gained with the parenteral vaccination and behavior in organisms with a debilitated defence mechanism (author's transl)].

The MVA virus is a lab virus ideally suited for vaccination of both man and animal which can be differentiated from the known Vaccinia strains by the use of numerous biological markers. Its reduced virulence for the chick embryo, for experimental animals and for man is a particularly characteristic feature. With the exception of chick embryo fibroblasts, the MVA virus grows in cell cultures only abortively. This applies particularly to cells of human origin in which the cytopathic effect and plaque formation are completely missing. The restriction analysis of the DNS of the MVA virus demonstrates that its genetic structure differs from that of the CVA basic virus and other orthopox viruses. In contrast to the WHO reference strain Elstree, the MVA virus has a genome shortened by about 9 per cent. The use of the MVA virus for human vaccination is particularly indicated in persons to be vaccinated for the first time and likely to entail a risk (on account of allergies etc.) because it brings about a state of revaccination without complications. The MVA virus can be administered in intracutaneous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. Innocuoursness and successful vaccination have been demonstrated in more than 120000 persons. While other Vaccinia strains, such as the Elstree virus, experience a drastic increase of virulence in the immunosuppressed organism (subjected to whole-body irradiation), the MVA virus cannot be activated not even in this situation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Vaccination against pox diseases under immunosuppressive conditions.

Pox diseases, caused either by smallpox virus or zoonotic pox viruses or animals, continue to be of potential danger to a non-vaccinated population. Mass vaccinations will become necessary and will then also be administered to persons with immunological aberrations. The vaccines which are presently used against smallpox cause severe complications in such hosts. In contrast, the attenuated vaccinia virus strain MVA is safe even under the conditions of immunosuppression and is recommended for the production of smallpox vaccines. Because of the special epizootic situations and the numerous immunosuppressive factors present in developing countries, the use of such a safe pox vaccine there is of crucial importance.

Animals↗