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Biomedical subjects

A Nawrocki

Publications and source records attributed to A Nawrocki.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of plasma free fatty acid concentration on the content and composition of the free fatty acid fraction in rat skeletal muscles.

Skeletal muscles contain a fraction of free (unesterified) fatty acids. This fraction is very small, but important since it contributes to the creation of the plasma-myocyte free fatty acid concentration gradient. Maintenance of this gradient is necessary for blood-borne fatty acids to be transported into the cell. There are no data on the regulation of the content and composition of the free fatty acid fraction in the cell. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of an elevation and a reduction in the plasma-borne free fatty acid concentration on the content and composition of the free fatty acid fraction in different skeletal muscle types. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats with 280 - 310 g body weight. They were divided into four groups - 1, control; 2, exercised 3 h on a treadmill moving with a speed of 1,200 m/h and set at + 10 degrees incline; 3, treated with heparin; and 4, treated with nicotinic acid. Samples of the soleus as well as the red and white sections of the gastrocnemius muscles were taken. These muscles are composed mostly of slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic and fast-twitch glycolytic fibres, respectively. Lipids were extracted from the muscle samples and from the blood; the free fatty acid fraction was isolated by means of thin-layer chromatography. The individual free fatty acids were identified and quantified using gas-liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration of free fatty acids was as follows: control group, 236.1 +/- 32.9; after exercise, 407.4 +/- 117.5; after heparin, 400.8 +/- 36.8; and after nicotinic acid, 102.5 +/- 26.1 micromol/l (p < 0.01 vs. control values in each case). The total content of the free fatty acid fraction in the control group was as follows: white gastrocnemius, 27.6 +/- 7.3; red gastrocnemius, 52.2 +/- 13.9; soleus, 72.3 +/- 10.2 nmol/g. Elevation in plasma free acid concentration during exercise increased the total content of free fatty acids in the white gastrocnemius (38.7 +/- 13.9) and in the soleus (103.4 +/- 15.9 nmol/g; rest-exercise: p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), but had no effect in the red gastrocnemius. Neither elevation in the plasma free fatty acid concentration with heparin nor reduction with nicotinic acid affected the total content of the free fatty acid fraction in the muscles examined. The ratio of plasma concentration of individual acid to muscle concentration for the same acid varied greatly, depending on acid, muscle type and experimental group. The ratio was positive (above unity) for each acid almost in all cases with the exception of certain acids in the nicotinic acid-treated group where it was below unity. We conclude that the skeletal myocytes maintain a stable level of free fatty acid fraction in the wide range of plasma free fatty acid concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of transcription regulating genes PDR1, pdr1-3 and PDR3 in pleiotropic drug resistance.

Mutations in the yeast PDR1 or PDR3 genes lead to acquisition of resistance towards various unrelated cytotoxic compounds. The broad range and different properties of these compounds indicate the existence of mechanisms which protect cellular targets, neutralise or expel the compounds from the cell. In wild type and pdr mutants, 83 proteins, out of 2706 detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, were differentially expressed. Fifty-three of these could be identified by mass spectrometry. The functions of these 53 proteins fall into several metabolic groups demonstrating that drug resistance phenotype is a mosaic response derived from such diverse functions as stress defence, endocytosis, oxidation and reduction, amino acid synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The patterns of synthesis of the selected proteins clearly demonstrates the complex interaction between Pdr1p and Pdr3p in exerting their regulatory functions. The data also indicate that, in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pleiotropic drug resistance phenomenon, translational events exert a more decisive effect than transcription in regulating the levels of active forms of the proteins involved.

DNA-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Proteome analysis of interleukin-1beta--induced changes in protein expression in rat islets of Langerhans.

The intracellular molecular events involved in the beta-cell death process are complex but poorly understood. Cytokines, e.g., interleukin (IL)-1beta, may play a crucial role in inducing this process. Protein synthesis is necessary for the deleterious effect of IL-1, and induction of both protective and deleterious proteins has been described. To characterize the rather complex pattern of islet protein expression in rat islets in response to IL-1, we have attempted to identify proteins of altered expression level after IL-1 exposure by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Of 105 significantly changed (i.e., up- or downregulated or de novo-induced) protein spots, we obtained positive protein identification for 60 protein spots. The 60 identifications corresponded to 57 different proteins. Of these, 10 proteins were present in two to four spots, suggesting that posttranslatory modifications had occurred. In addition, 11 spots contained more than one protein. The proteins could be classified according to their function into the following groups: 1) energy transduction; 2) glycolytic pathway; 3) protein synthesis, chaperones, and protein folding; and 4) signal transduction, regulation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In conclusion, valuable information about the molecular mechanisms involved in cytokine-mediated beta-cell destruction was obtained by this approach.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of sex and bezafibrate on incorporation of blood borne palmitate into lipids of rat liver nuclei.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether lipid metabolism in the nuclei is affected by changes in the metabolism of free fatty acids in the liver. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of rats: 1 - control-male, 2 - female, and 3 - male, treated with bezafibrate (a peroxisome proliferator). The rats received 14C-palmitic acid intravenously. Thirty min later liver samples and blood from the abdominal aorta were taken. The liver nuclei were isolated in sucrose gradient. Lipids were extracted from the nuclei and the liver homogenate and subsequently separated into the following fractions: phospholipids, mono, di- and triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The radioactivity of each fraction was counted. Furthermore, the content of free fatty acids and the fatty acid binding proteins was measured. It was found that radioactivity was present in each lipid fraction obtained from the liver homogenate and from the nuclei. In the female group, the total radioactivity of lipids in the liver homogenate was lower, whereas in the nuclei it was higher in comparison to the male group. The reduction in the radioactivity in the liver was mostly accounted for by decreased radioactivity in the fraction oftriacylglycerols and phospholipids. In the nuclei, the radioactivity of the fraction of phospholipids, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols was elevated. Bezafibrate did not affect the total radioactivity of lipids in the liver and reduced it in the nuclei. In the liver, the drug increased radioactivity mostly in the fraction of phospholipids and reduced it mainly in the fraction of triacylglycerols. In the nuclei, the radioactivity of each lipid fraction examined was reduced. The content of the fraction of free fatty acids in the liver and in the nuclei in the female and in the bezafibrate-treated groups did not differ from the respective value in the control group. The content of fatty acid binding proteins in the nuclei of the female and bezafibrate-treated groups increased in parallel to the elevation in their content in the cytosol. It is concluded that the female sex hormones and bezafibrate influence the transport of selected lipids into the nuclei. The effects seem to be a consequence of the action of these factors directly on the nucleus.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2000

Islet protein expression changes during diabetes development in islet syngrafts in BB-DP rats and during rejection of BB-DP islet allografts.

Interleukin 1beta (IL-1) is cytotoxic to rat pancreatic beta-cells in vitro, and increased expression of IL-1 mRNA is found in the islets of Langerhans during development of diabetes in BB/Wor/Mol-BB2 (BB-DP) rats and NOD mice. It has been proposed that IL-1 induces a race between protective and deleterious proteins in the beta-cells during development of diabetes, and that heat shock proteins 70 and 90, and manganese superoxide dismutase, all inducible by IL-1 are potentially protective proteins. We have established a database of approximately 2000 neonatal rat-islet proteins by two-dimensional gel (2-D gel) electrophoresis of [35S]-methionine labelled neonatal Wistar Furth rat islets. In these IL-1 was shown to up- or down-regulate the islet-expression level of 99, and to induce de novo synthesis of 6 proteins. The identity of most of the IL-1 induced proteins is unknown and under study. In this study we wished to investigate if changes in protein expression induced in vitro by IL-1 stimulation of islets are also seen in vivo during spontaneous development of diabetes in BB-DP rats, and during islet allograft rejection. Two-hundred neonatal BB-DP rat islets were grafted under the kidney capsule of either 30-day-old BB-DP rats killed at onset of diabetes or of 30-day-old Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats, killed 12 days after grafting. Proteins in excised islet-grafts and in vitro IL-1 exposed isolated neonatal BB-DP rat islets were labelled with [35S]-methionine, and processed for 2-D gel electrophoresis. Fluorographs of the gels were analysed by computer. A total of 1815 proteins were found in 3 of 3 12.5% polyacrylamide gels. Interleukin-1 was found to change expression level of 82 of these proteins (22 up- and 60 down-regulated) in neonatal BB-DP rat islets in vitro. Of these 82 proteins 33 (4 up- and 29 down-regulated) also changed level of expression during disease occurrence in syngeneic islet grafts from diabetic BB-DP rats, and 29 (4 up- and 25 down-regulated) during rejection of BB-DP islets grafted to WK rats. Changes in the expression level of 14 (3 up- and 11 down-regulated) of the 82 proteins altered by IL-1 in vitro were only found in syngeneic islet grafts in diabetic BB-DP rats, and changes in the expression level of 8 (2 up- and 6 down-regulated) of these 82 proteins expression were only found in BB-DP islet allografts in WK recipients. Identification of these proteins may be important in understanding the mechanisms of islet destruction during development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and during islet allograft rejection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Conception of the cervico-brachial protector for motorcycle drivers.

The increasing popularity of motorcycles increases the role of motorcycle accidents as a main cause of brachial plexus injuries. In view of the high social cost of treatment of the victims it seemed desirable to devise some kind of protective clothing for motorcyclists. The protective clothing devised by teams from Department of Neurosurgery, TRICOTEXTIL--and Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics Institute, consists of the following parts: cervical collar--acting against force causing lateral bending and extension of cervical spine, shock-absorptive shoulder pads--acting against the impact energy partially absorbing it and partially transmitting to the dorsal stiff bar, dorsal stiff bar and sacroiliac belt--partially immobilizes the thoracic and lumbar spine, acts against its compression, transmits the impact energy to the iliac crests and hips. The expected biomechanical effects of the cervico-brachial protector are as follows: In brachial region it should diminish the impact energy by its partial absorption and partial transmission along dorsal stiff bar to sacroiliac belt. It should act against excessive cervical spine motion--mainly against lateral bending and extension. It should act against excessive depression of the shoulder. The protective system built in the jacket should co-operate with the helmet of motorcycle driver. It should be comfortable for the driver and conform to security standards. Prototype of the protector underwent kinetic sledge tests in Industrial Motorization Institute (PIMOT), Warsaw, with the use of Hybrid Dummy II.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Effect of acute streptozotocin diabetes on fatty acid content and composition in different lipid fractions of rat skeletal muscle.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acute streptozotocin diabetes on long chain fatty acid content and composition in different lipid classes of particular muscle types in the rat. Two days after streptozotocin administration, rats were anesthetised, and the white and red sections of the gastrocnemius, the soleus and the blood were taken. Lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol and separated into different fractions (phospholipids, free fatty acids, di- and triacylglycerols) by means of thin layer chromatography. Fatty acids of each fraction were identified and quantified by means of gas-liquid chromatography. The diabetes resulted in elevation of the concentration of blood glucose (over four-fold) and the plasma free fatty acid (over two-fold). Total free fatty acid content in the muscles of diabetic rats increased by 26% in the white, 24% in the red gastrocnemius and 21% in the soleus. There were also changes in the composition of that fraction in each muscle. Diacylglycerol fatty acid content was elevated in both parts of the gastrocnemius (the white part by 15%, the red part by 44%) and remained stable in the soleus of the diabetic rats. The content of triacylglycerol fatty acids was elevated only in the red gastrocnemius in the diabetic group (by 112%), but changes in fatty acid composition in this fraction occurred in each muscle. The content of phospholipid fatty acids was elevated in the white gastrocnemius (by 13%) and remained stable in other muscles. There were only minor changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition in the diabetic rats. We concluded that acute insulin deficiency changes fatty acid content and composition in skeletal muscle lipids. The changes depend both on lipid fraction and muscle type.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of streptozotocin diabetes on fatty acid content and composition of the heart lipids in the rat.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of diabetes on long chain fatty acid content and composition in the heart lipids. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of streptozotocin. Samples of the blood and the left ventricle were taken. Lipids were extracted and separated into different fractions. The following fractions were examined: free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols and phospholipids. The fatty acids from each fraction were identified and quantified by means of gas-liquid chromatography. It was found that diabetes resulted in an almost four-fold elevation in the content of the free fatty acid fraction in the heart, whereas the plasma concentration of free fatty acids increased only two-fold. The diabetes induced changes in the content of particular acids in the fraction of free fatty acid in the heart did not reflect changes in their concentration in the plasma. The content of total di- and triacylglycerol fatty acids also markedly increased in diabetes. In both the compounds, the elevation in the content of individual acids, with the exception of myristic and palmitoleic acid reflected roughly the elevation in their concentration in the plasma. There were, however, several differences in the percentage composition of fatty acids between the two groups. In the fraction of phospholipids, the content of myristic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids remained stable, whilst the content of palmitoleic acid was reduced and the content of arachidonic acid was elevated. It is concluded that insulin deficiency results in marked changes in the endogenous lipid fatty acid content of the heart. These changes are not directly related to alterations in the supply of individual acids through the plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Correlation of acidic and basic carrier ampholyte and immobilized pH gradient two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns based on mass spectrometric protein identification.

Separation of proteins on either carrier ampholyte-based or immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional (2-D) gels gives rise to electrophoretic patterns that are difficult to compare visually. In this paper we have used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to determine the identities of 335 protein spots in these two 2-D gel systems, including a substantial number of basic proteins which had never been identified before. Proteins that were identified in both gel systems allowed us to cross-reference the gel patterns. Vector analysis of these cross-references demonstrated that there is no obvious pattern by which the mobility of a protein in one gel system can be used to predict its mobility in the other. Thus, as laboratories adopt the immobilized pH gradient-based 2-D gel systems, the only reliable means of translating the data gained with the carrier ampholyte-based gel system is to positively identify the proteins in both 2-D systems.

Ampholyte Mixtures↗
PubMed1998

Down-regulation of hepatic and renal 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rats with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD) enzymes are responsible for the interconversion of active 11 beta-hydroxycorticosteroids into inactive 11-ketoglucocorticosteroids and by that mechanism regulate the intracellular access of the steroids to the cognate receptor. A down-regulation of the shuttle of active to inactive glucocorticoids enhances access of glucocorticosteroids to both the glucocorticoid and the mineralocorticoid receptors. In liver cirrhosis, enhanced mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid effects are observed. We therefore investigated the impact of liver cirrhosis after bile duct ligation on the transcription and activity of 11 beta-OHSD1 and 11 beta-OHSD2 in the corresponding tissues. METHODS: Messenger RNA from 11 beta-OHSD1 and 11 beta-OHSD2 was assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; activity was assessed by measuring the interconversion of corticosterone to dehydrocorticosterone. The effect of bile and bile salts was determined using COS-1 cells transfected with 11 beta-OHSD1 or 11 beta-OHSD2. RESULTS: In liver tissue, the messenger RNA ratios of 11 beta-OHSD1 to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) levels and, in kidney tissue, the ratios of 11 beta-OHSD2 to GAPDH levels decreased after induction of liver cirrhosis. The 11 beta-OHSD activities were correspondingly reduced. Bile and individual bile salts inhibited 11 beta-OHSD1 and 11 beta-OHSD2 oxidative activity in transfected COS-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in liver cirrhosis the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-protecting effects by the 11 beta-OHSD isoenzymes are down-regulated and that by the same mechanism the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects are enhanced.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of free and glyceride-esterified long chain fatty acids in different skeletal muscle types of the rat.

The plasma-borne long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) enter skeletal muscle cells. Upon entering they are oxidized or esterified and a fraction remains free (non-esterified). The data on free fatty acids in skeletal muscles remain highly controversial. Furthermore, the composition of individual fatty acids in various lipid fractions including free fatty acids, monoglyceride and diglyceride in muscles has not been characterized. Also data on the composition of fatty acids esterified into muscle triglycerides and phospholipids are incomplete. The present study was undertaken to examine a composition of fatty acids in lipid fractions of different skeletal muscle types. For this purpose, samples of the rat soleus, red and white portions of gastrocnemius were excised, trimmed of visible fat and fascias and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples were then pulverized and, lipids were extracted and fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. Individual long-chain fatty acids in different fractions were identified, characterized and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. FFA composition in the plasma was also determined. The total FFA content in the soleus, red and white gastrocnemius was 69.1 +/- 10.8, 49.0 +/- 13.6 and 22.7 +/- 8.6 nmol/g, respectively. Palmitic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids in the muscles FFA fraction. Monoglyceride fraction of each muscle contained palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid as the major fatty acids, Diglyceride fraction contained mostly palmitic and oleic acid whereas triglyceride fraction mostly palmitic and linoleic acid.. The fraction of phospholipids was composed mostly of palmitic and linoleic acid but contained also considerable percentage of archidonic acid. Total plasma FFA/muscle FFA ratio depended on a muscle type and was: 2.4 in the soleus, 3.5 in the red and 7.4 in the white gastrocnemius. This assured transport of FFA to the myocytes. However, there were great differences in the ratio between particular FFA within the same muscle as well between the muscles. It indicates that individual FFA are either selectively transported from the plasma to the muscles or selectively used within the myocytes or both.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Stimulation of migration and wound repair of guinea-pig airway epithelial cells in response to epidermal growth factor.

Repair of the airway epithelium after injury involves cell proliferation, migration, and spreading into the injury site. The growth factor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), elicits proliferation of many epithelial cell types in vitro and in vivo, including airways epithelium. However, its effects on cell migration and spreading are less clear. We studied the effects of EGF on guinea-pig tracheal epithelial cell (GPTEC) chemotaxis and migration during wound repair. Primary GPTEC were allowed to migrate through a gelatin-coated filter for 6 h in a chemotaxis chamber, after which the number of migrated cells were counted. EGF elicited migration of GPTEC that was substantial and concentration-dependent. Treatment with EGF accelerated closure of small wounds in confluent epithelial monolayers substantially as measured by video microscopy over 24 h. These effects of EGF were concentration-dependent and seen in monolayer wounds of different size. Effects of EGF did not depend on the underlying matrix on which cells were grown; cells grown on laminin, fibronectin, or collagen had similar wound closure velocities in response to EGF. Early effects of EGF on wound closure were not due to cell proliferation at the wound edge. These data demonstrate that EGF elicits both chemotaxis and migration of airway epithelial cells in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Proteome analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a methodological outline.

Proteome analysis offers a unique means of identifying important proteins, characterizing their modifications and beginning to describe their function. This is achieved through the combination of two technologies: protein separation and selection by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and protein identification and characterization by mass spectrometry. This methodological outline sketches the strengths and weaknesses of the two central technologies used, and provides both practical tips and the theoretical background for their utilization. One application of these technologies is illustrated by the characterization of genes, revealed by sequencing, but which have no--or only weak homology--to any other known genes. Other applications, for example the identification of protein markers for particular human diseases, are only referred to. The aim of the article is thus to provide the basis for a sound understanding of the full potential and limitations of proteome analysis.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1997

Interleukin-1beta induced changes in the protein expression of rat islets: a computerized database.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by an autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans. The cytokine interleukin 1 inhibits insulin release and is selectively cytotoxic to beta-cells in isolated pancreatic rat islets. The antigen(s) triggering the immune response as well as the intracellular mechanisms of action of interleukin 1-mediated beta-cell cytotoxicity are unknown. However, previous studies have found an association of beta-cell destruction with alterations in protein synthesis. Thus, two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis of pancreatic islet proteins may be an important tool facilitating studies of the molecular pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 2-D gel electrophoresis of islet proteins may lead to (i) the determination of qualitative and quantitative changes in specific islet proteins induced by cytokines, (ii) the determination of the effects of agents modulating cytokine action, and (iii) the identification of primary islet protein antigen(s) initiating the immune destruction of the beta-cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create databases (DB) of all reproducibly detectable protein spots on 10% and 15% acrylamide 2-D gels of neonatal rat islets (10% and 15% DB), labeled under standardized culture conditions. 1235 and 557 spots were present in 5 of 5 gels in the 15% isoelectric focusing (IEF) and nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) DB, respectively, whereas 995 and 378 spots were present in 5 of 5 gels in the 10% IEF and NEPHGE DB, respectively, yielding a reproducibility of spot detection between 75.2% and 91.7%. In both DBs, the average coefficient of variation of the percentage of integrated optical density (CV% of %IOD) for spots present in all gels was between 42.4% and 45.7%. When the same sample was analyzed in consecutive sets of gels on different days (interassay analysis), the average CV% of %IOD was 35.5%-36.1%. When the same sample was analyzed repeatedly in one set of gels (intra-assay analysis), the average CV% of %IOD was 30.2% in the IEF gels, while the average CV% of %IOD was 45.7% in the NEPHGE gels. Addition of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to the cultures resulted in statistically significant modulation or de novo synthesis of 105 proteins in the 10% gels. In conclusion, we present the first 10% and 15% acrylamide 2-D gel protein databases of neonatal rat islets of Langerhans and demonstrate its usage to identify proteins altered in expression by IL-1beta.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of increased uptake of plasma fatty acids by the liver on lipid metabolism in the hepatocellular nuclei.

The nucleus contains different lipids. The aim of the present study was to examine whether increased uptake of free fatty acids by the liver affects lipid metabolism in the hepatocellular nuclei. The experiments were carried out on three groups of Wistar rats: I - male, control; II - male, heparin-treated, and III - female. [14C]-palmitic acid suspended in rat donor serum was administered intravenously 5 and 30 min before tissue samples were taken. Lipids were extracted from isolated liver nuclei and separated into different fractions (phospholipids - PH, monoacylglycerols - MG, diacylglycerols - DG, cholesterol - CH, free fatty acids - FFA, triacylglycerols - TG and cholesterol esters - CHE). It was found that 5 min after administration of the label all isolated nuclear lipid fractions were radioactive. Most of the radioactivity was located in the fraction of PH, TG and FFA. Elevation in the plasma FFA concentration (heparin-treated group) resulted in increased incorporation of [14C]-palmitic acid into the nuclear lipids and changes in its distribution. In the female rats the radioactivity of nuclear lipids was higher than in the male-controls. There were also differences in the percentage distribution of the radioactivity in different lipid fractions between the two groups. The concentration of PH and TG in the nuclei increased only in the heparin-treated but not in the female rats. However, specific activity of the nuclear PH and TG increased in with both groups compared to the male-control group. It is concluded that (a) the blood-borne FFA rapidly enter the nuclear lipid pool and (b) increased uptake of the plasma-borne FFA by the liver affects the nuclear lipid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The sequence of a 27 kb segment on the right arm of chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals MOL1, NAT2, RPL30B, RSR1, CYS4, PEM1/CHO2, NSR1 genes and ten new open reading frames.

The DNA sequence of a 26,677 bp fragment from the right arm of chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals 18 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp. Eight ORFs correspond to previously characterized genes. G6620 is the 3' end of the MOL1 gene coding for a polypeptide similar to stress-inducible proteins from Fusarium; G6630 is the NAT2 gene which encodes a methionine N-acetyltransferase; G6635 is the RPL30B gene coding for the ribosomal protein L30; G6658 is RSR1 encoding a ras-related protein; G6667 is CYS4, the gene for cystathionine beta-synthase; G6670 is identical to ORF2 located close to CYS4; G6673 is PEM1/CHO2 encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase; G7001 is the NSR1 gene coding for a nuclear signal recognition protein. G6664 shares significant homology with the ORF YKR076w from chromosome XI. The other nine ORFs show no significant homology to any protein sequence presently available in the public data bases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Safe and effective isokinetic knee extension training in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of isokinetic knee extensor strength training, and its effectiveness with regard to knee extension, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Nine women with RA, all in functional stage II or III, underwent a low-intensity strengthening protocol with 48 repetitions at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction, 3 times per week for 3 weeks, using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: Five patients had knee synovitis at entry; but neither synovitis nor joint pain increased. The mean gain in strength was 21%. CONCLUSION: This training method was effective and safe in patients with RA.

Adult↗