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Biomedical subjects

A Nel

Publications and source records attributed to A Nel.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

The membrane immunoglobulin receptor utilizes a Shc/Grb2/hSOS complex for activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in a B-cell line.

Ligation of membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) receptor in the Ramos B-cell line induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including the adaptor protein. Shc. Phosphorylated Shc could be seen to associate with Grb2 in a complex which included hSOS. Inasmuch as hSOS is involved in p21ras activation, we also demonstrated that mIgM ligation activated a Ras-dependent kinase cascade in which sequential activation of Raf-1 and MEK-1 culminates in the activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK-2). The tumour promoter and protein kinase C agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also activated Raf-1, MEK-1, and MAP kinase in Ramos cells, but did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc or Shc/Grb2 association. Okadaic acid, another tumour promoter and serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, activated p42 MAP kinase without activating Raf-1 or MEK-1, suggesting the existence of a serine/threonine phosphatase which directly regulates MAP kinase activity.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1995

Definition of a lamina propria T cell responsive state. Enhanced cytokine responsiveness of T cells stimulated through the CD2 pathway.

This study was designed to compare cytokine release in lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) and PBLs activated by Abs against CD3, CD2, and CD28. LPL T cells were significantly more responsive to CD2 ligation than PBL, as determined by release of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-alpha. Moreover, CD28 co-ligation in LPLs exaggerated CD2 > CD3 dominance in cytokine induction. PHA-activated PBLs expressed more CD2 receptors than freshly isolated LPLs, but were less responsive to activation through CD2, indicating that postreceptor pathways in LPL may be adapted specifically to facilitate CD2-mediated cytokine secretion. Antiphosphotyrosine (APT) immunoblotting revealed inducible substrate phosphorylation during CD2, but not CD3, ligation in whole LPLs, as well as LPL-derived T cell lines. PBLs cocultured with an irradiated B cell line, Daudi, and IL-2 for 5 days attained a CD2-dominant cytokine-secretion pattern with identical tyrosine phosphorylation profiles as freshly isolated LPL or LPL T cell lines. PHA-activated PBLs did not produce these tyrosine phosphorylation profiles. This suggests that B lymphocytes in the lamina propria may contribute to a T cell differentiation process in which CD2, possibly by potentiation of its postreceptor pathway, becomes a prominent receptor for induction of cytokine secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Interleukin 4 activates a signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) protein which interacts with an interferon-gamma activation site-like sequence upstream of the I epsilon exon in a human B cell line. Evidence for the involvement of Janus kinase 3 and interleukin-4 Stat.

Germ line C transcripts can be induced by IL-4 in the human B cell line, BL-2. Utilizing a IFN-gamma activation site-like DNA sequence element located upstream of the I epsilon exon, we demonstrated by gel mobility shift assays that IL-4 induced a binding activity in the cytosol and nucleus of BL-2 cells. This factor was designated IL-4 NAF (IL-4-induced nuclear-activating factors) and was identified as a tyrosine phosphoprotein, which translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus upon IL-4 treatment. Because these are the characteristics of a signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) protein, we determined whether antibodies to Stat proteins will interfere with gel mobility shift and found that antibodies to IL-4 Stat, also known as Stat6, but not antibodies to other Stat proteins, interfere with the formation of the IL-4 NAF complex. Congruous with the involvement of a Stat protein, IL-4 induced robust Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) activity in BL-2 cells. Cotransfection of JAK3 with IL-4 Stat into COS-7 cells produced an intracellular activity which bound the same IFN-gamma activation site-like sequence and comigrated with IL-4 NAF in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These results show that IL-4 NAF is IL-4 Stat, which is activated by JAK3 in response to IL-4 receptor engagement.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The T-cell antigen receptor utilizes Lck, Raf-1, and MEK-1 for activating mitogen-activated protein kinase. Evidence for the existence of a second protein kinase C-dependent pathway in an Lck-negative Jurkat cell mutant.

T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation of an Lck-deficient Jurkat mutant, J.CaM1, with anti-CD3 or anti-TCR beta monoclonal antibodies failed to induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p42MAPK. The same stimuli activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in J.CaM1 cells transfected with Lck, demonstrating that Lck plays a critical role in MAP kinase activation. Utilizing immunocomplex kinase assays, we demonstrated that TCR/CD3 ligation activated a MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf-1) as well as a MAP kinase kinase (MEK-1) in Jurkat but not in J.CaM1 cells. It was possible, however, to activate Raf-1, MEK-1, and p42MAPK in J.CaM1 cells during treatment with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which activates protein kinase C (PKC). This demonstrates the presence of a PKC-dependent pathway which functions independently from Lck in MAP kinase activation. Stimulation of Jurkat cells with either anti-TCR beta or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody failed to induce substantial tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc proteins or their association with Grb2 which forms a complex with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor hSOS. However, the same stimuli induced tyrosine phosphorylation of another putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor, p95Vav, in Jurkat but not J.CaM1 cells. Moreover, Lck was reversibly co-immunoprecipitated with p95Vav, and the stoichiometry of binding increased in anti-CD3-treated Jurkat cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of p95Vav. These data show that the TCR activates MAP kinase by way of a signaling cascade, which depends upon Lck, and may be mediated by downstream events involving PKC or p95Vav which act on Raf-1 and MEK-1.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are activated and cytolytic but do not proliferate as well as other T cells in response to mitogenic signals.

Compared with T lymphocytes from other organs, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) proliferate weakly in response to CD3/TCR ligation, and they do not respond at all to treatment with other mitogenic stimuli. These signals also failed to induce expression of the IL-2R alpha-chain on the surface of most IEL. IEL from germ-free mice, from V gamma 1.1-transgenic mice, and from beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice also gave a weak proliferative response. Therefore, the low proliferative response is not linked to the level of exposure to gut bacterial flora, the V gamma region expressed by the TCR-gamma delta + IEL, or the presence of class I molecules that may be recognized by CD8+ IEL. The relatively small amount of proliferation in response to TCR signaling, therefore, is not likely to be the result of induction of anergy caused by previous contact with Ag. In contrast, ligation of the CD3/TCR complex could elicit a rapid cytotoxic response and serine esterase release by IEL. The unusual functional capabilities and the activation state of IEL are independent of the TCR isotype expressed by these cells. Freshly isolated IEL have a high intracellular microtubule-associated protein kinase-2 (MAP-2K) activity level, further suggesting that these cells are activated despite their weak proliferative response. Consistent with this, MAP-2K is tyrosine-phosphorylated in both untreated and PMA-treated IEL. In contrast, MAP-2K activation and tyrosine phosphorylation occur in other T cells only when they are activated by PMA or other treatments. MAP-2K activity also is elevated in IEL from germ-free mice, demonstrating that activation does not depend on normal levels of exposure to bacterial flora. The activation of protein kinases such as MAP-2K could reflect the differentiation state of IEL or Ag receptor stimulation of some of these cells by epithelial cells in the preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nerve growth factor stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP2 kinase in PC12 cells.

NGF treatment of PC12 cells results in the rapid activation of MAP2 kinase. We report here that the induction of enzyme activity was correlated with the phosphorylation of MAP2 kinase, detected by metabolic labeling of the enzyme and with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. NGF stimulated the phosphorylation of MAP2 kinase on tyrosine, as well as serine and threonine residues. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP2 kinase was maximal within 2 min following NGF exposure and preceded the induction of MAP2 kinase activity. The NGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of an identified substrate provides direct evidence for the participation of a tyrosine kinase in the mechanism of action of NGF.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

HIV inhibits the early steps of lymphocyte activation, including initiation of inositol phospholipid metabolism.

Mechanisms accounting for HIV-associated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation were investigated. In previous work we demonstrated that purified and inactivated HIV-suppressed lymphoid cell proliferation. In this report we used an inactivated preparation of HIV obtained from infected CEM cells grown in serum free media and demonstrated that this HIV-associated suppression acted in the early steps of activation to inhibit the incorporation of radiolabeled phosphorus into phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidic acid. Initially we showed that both purified CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte subsets were affected and HIV-associated inhibition did not require the CD4 molecule. Impaired lymphocyte blastogenesis (decreased size and granularity and decreased expression of receptors to IL-2 and transferrin) in response to PHA indicated an effect of inactivated HIV on the early steps of activation. This was confirmed by time studies where 1) a 2 min HIV-pretreatment followed by washing before stimulation was sufficient to inhibit PHA induced proliferation of normal lymphocytes, and 2) addition of HIV to PHA prestimulated lymphocytes failed to inhibit proliferation, e.g., there was no effect on preactivated lymphocytes. HIV was mainly inhibitory of lymphocyte proliferation induced by PHA or mAb to the CD3 receptor. In contrast to the effect on the CD3/TiR, responses via the CD2 receptor were not suppressed, e.g., stimulation with the monoclonal antibodies T11(2) + T11(3). Inasmuch as responses by direct A23187 + PMA stimulation of intracellular pathways were also inhibited, it appears that the HIV-induced defect was not (or not only) membrane receptor mediated. The earliest (min) measurable event after stimulation was the initial increase in intracellular Ca2+ which was unaffected by HIV pretreatment. The next measurable event (min to h) of stimulation is a sustained increase in inositol phospholipid turnover. Pretreatment of mononuclear cells with inactivated HIV resulted in a decreased inositol phospholipid turnover as judged from decreased 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. This led to decreased generation of DAG as reflected in the reduced radiolabeling of its metabolite PA. Reduced availability of DAG presumably interferes with pkC activation and leads to decreased expression of receptors for IL-2 and transferrin and impaired proliferation.

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1989

Complexing of the CD-3 subunit by a monoclonal antibody activates a microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) serine kinase in Jurkat cells.

Treatment of Jurkat T-cells with anti-CD-3 monoclonal antibodies resulted in the rapid and transient activation of a serine kinase which utilized the microtubule-associated protein, MAP-2, as a substrate in vitro. The kinase was also activated on treatment of Jurkat cells with phytohaemagglutinin, but with a different time course. The activation of the MAP-2 kinase by anti-CD-3 antibodies was dose-dependent, with maximal activity observed at concentrations of greater than 500 ng/ml. Normal human E-rosette-positive T-cells also exhibited induction of MAP-2 kinase activity during anti-CD-3 treatment. The enzyme was optimally active in the presence of 2 mM-Mn2+; lower levels of activity were observed with Mg2+, even at concentrations up to 20 mM. The kinase was partially purified by passage over DE-52 Sephacel with the activity eluting as a single peak at 0.25 M-NaCl. The molecular mass was estimated to be 45 kDa by gel filtration. The activation of the MAP-2 kinase was probably due to phosphorylation of this enzyme as treatment with alkaline phosphatase diminished its activity. These data demonstrate that the stimulation of T-cells through the CD-3 complex results in the activation of a novel serine kinase which may be critically involved in signal transduction in these cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Inhibitory effect of an antibody against alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) on autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction and anti-T3 T-lymphocyte activation.

The action of an anti-alpha 1-AGP antibody on AMLR, anti-T3 and PHA T-lymphocyte proliferative response was evaluated. We observed a strong dose-dependent inhibition on T-lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness to autologous non-T cells and to anti-T3 stimulus, whereas PHA activation was unaffected. A lower degree of inhibition of the proliferative response was also observed on pretreating both T and non-T cells with the antibody; the addition of anti-alpha 1-AGP in the culture containing cells pretreated with the antibody showed a further inhibition of thymidine incorporation. The data suggest a direct influence of the antibody on membrane alpha 1-AGP and support a positive role of this glycoprotein (distinct from Ia and T3 antigens) on both anti-T3 and autologous non-T cell T-lymphocyte responsiveness, thus indicating the involvement of alpha 1-AGP in the T3-Ti antigen-specific pathway of T-cell activation.

Adult↗