PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Parrott

Publications and source records attributed to A Parrott.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Lower proportion of CD45R0+ cells and deficient interleukin-10 production by formula-fed infants, compared with human-fed, is corrected with supplementation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

BACKGROUND: The immune consequences of adding 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids to preterm infant formula are not known. METHODS: The effect of feeding preterm infants (14-42 days of age) human milk (Human Milk group), infant formula (Formula group), or formula with added long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 (Formula + LCP group) on isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (by flow cytometry) and lipid composition (by gas-liquid chromatography) was determined. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin to measure soluble interleukin (sIL)-2R and IL-10 production (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS: With age, the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ T cells and the percentage of CD20+ cells increased in the Human Milk and Formula + LCP groups (P < 0.05), but not in the unsupplemented Formula group. Compared with the Formula group, CD4+ cells from the Formula + LCP and Human Milk groups expressed more CD45R0 (antigen mature) and less CD45RA (antigen naive) at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). At 42 days, IL-10 production was lower (P < 0.05) in cells of the Formula group than in cells of the Human Milk group. Production of IL-10 by the cells of the Formula + LCP group was not different from that produced by the Human Milk group cells. An age-related decrease (P < 0.05) in sIL-2R production by Formula + LCP lymphocytes was observed, but sIL-2R production at 42 days in the Formula + LCP group did not differ significantly from that in the Human Milk group. Compared with Formula alone, adding LCP to formula resulted in a lower C18:2n-6 and higher C20:4n-6 content in lymphocyte phospholipids (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adding LCP to a preterm infant formula resulted in lymphocyte populations, phospholipid composition, cytokine production, and antigen maturity that are more consistent with that in human milk-fed infants. This may affect the ability of the infant to respond to immune challenges.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of feeding different amounts of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas on the fatty acid content of lipoprotein lipids.

This study evaluated preterm infants of less than 2.3 kg birth weight fed commercial formula (Preemie SMA) devoid of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and compared this control group with similar infant groups fed one of three formulas containing a range of 0.32-1.1% AA and 0.24-0.75% DHA in the fat component of the formula. An analogous group of infants fed on their mothers' breast milk and a breast milk fortifier was also studied. Individual lipoprotein fractions were isolated from blood samples collected at 12 d of age and after a further 4 wk of feeding. The fatty acid content of individual lipid components, isolated from each lipoprotein fraction was quantitatively determined in order to identify change in marker pools of essential fatty acid. The high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions contain most of the AA and DHA found in the lipoprotein fractions (total of 0.49% and 0.35%, respectively). Infants fed a formula without AA and DHA showed a reduction in AA level in the phospholipid fraction of all lipoproteins and in the HDL and LDL cholesterol ester fraction. A reduced level of DHA was also observed primarily in the lipoprotein phospholipid fraction in comparison with infants fed breast milk or infant formula containing AA and DHA. Supplementing infant formula with increasing levels of AA and DHA produced a clear dose response in the level of AA found in the HDL and LDL phospholipid fraction. From comparison of the fatty acid levels present in the lipoproteins it appears that a formula level of 0.49% AA and 0.35% DHA provides sufficient levels of these fatty acids to achieve a similar fatty acid content to that of infants fed breast milk for the major lipoprotein fractions examined.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of the efficacious dose of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas: fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids.

The nutritional requirements of preterm infants for the long chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have not been clearly defined. The present study evaluated preterm infants of less than 2.3 kg birth weight fed a commercial formula (Preemie SMA) devoid of AA and DHA and compared this control group with similar infant groups fed one of three formulas containing a range of 0.32 to 1.1% AA and 0.24 to 0.76% DHA. An analogous group of infants fed their mothers' breast milk and a breast milk fortifier (when indicated) was also studied. Erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were isolated from blood samples collected at 12 d of age and after a further 4 wk of feeding. Infants fed the formula without AA and DHA showed a reduction in AA level in erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine, and a reduced level of DHA in phosphatidylethanolamine in comparison with infants fed breast milk or infant formula containing AA and DHA. Supplementing infant formula with increasing levels of AA and DHA produced a clear dose response in the levels of AA and DHA found in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. From comparison of membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition it appears that a formula level of 0.32-1.1% AA and 0.24-0.76% DHA provides sufficient levels of these fatty acids to achieve a similar fatty acid composition to that of infants fed human milk for most of the lipid fractions examined.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after severe closed head injury.

We measured energy expenditure (MREE) and nitrogen excretion (UUN) in patients with severe head injury randomized to early parenteral (TPN, n = 21) or jejunal (ENT, n = 27) feeding with identical formulations. The MREE rose to 2400 +/- 531 kcal/day in both groups and remained at 135% +/- 26% to 146% +/- 42% of predicted energy expenditure over 4 weeks. Nitrogen excretion peaked the second week at 33.4 +/- 10 (TPN) and 31.2 +/- 7.5 (ENT) g N/day. Both routes were equally effective at meeting nutritional goals (1.2 x MREE, 2.5 g protein/kg/day intake, stabilized albumin and transferrin levels). Infections were equally frequent: 1.86 episodes/TPN patient versus 1.89 episodes/ENT patient. While patient charges were much greater for TPN, the hospital costs were similar for TPN and ENT support regimens. These findings show that patients with head injuries are hypermetabolic for weeks, that only 27% are capable of spontaneously eating nutritional requirements by discharge, and that either TPN or ENT support is equally effective when prescribed according to individual measurements of MREE and nitrogen excretion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Addition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to formula for very low birth weight infants.

Thirty-four premature infants who were appropriate for gestational age and weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed "preemie" SMA-24 formula, "preemie" SMA-24 formula manufactured to contain C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids (LCPE-SMA), or expressed milk (EBM). Blood samples were drawn from a small arm vein during the first week of life and after 28 days of feeding. The fatty acid content of plasma phospholipids was determined. Infants fed SMA-24 had a high content of 18:2 omega 6 in plasma phospholipids. Feeding LCPE-SMA normalized plasma phospholipid levels of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids to be similar to levels of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids found in infants fed EBM, and significantly higher than characteristic levels for infants fed SMA-24. Feeding LCPE-SMA or EBM results in a balanced incorporation of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids into phospholipids derived from the liver or perhaps the small intestine.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1992

Feeding preterm infants a formula containing C20 and C22 fatty acids simulates plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition of infants fed human milk.

Thirty-four premature infants weighing less than 1500 grams at birth were fed preterm formula (formula), preterm infant formula manufactured to contain a balance of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids within the range characteristic of human milk (LCPE-formula) or their mothers' expressed breast milk (EBM). Blood samples were obtained during the first week of life and after 28 days of feeding to determine the effect of feeding C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids on plasma lipids. Fatty acid analyses of red blood cell phospholipids indicated few differences between dietary treatment and age. Fatty acid content of plasma cholesterol esters indicated a high plasma cholesterol linoleate level for infants fed formula and a reduced content of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids. For infants fed the modified formula (LCPE-formula) the levels of 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3 were higher than observed for the formula group and similar to those observed for infants fed EBM. By the fifth week of life, feeding the modified formula resulted in plasma phospholipid levels of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids similar to levels of C20 and C22 omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids found in infants fed EBM and significantly higher than levels characteristic of infants fed formula. It is concluded that infants fed LCPE-formula illustrate an overall balance between C20 and C22 omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids in the plasma similar to that characteristic of infants fed human milk.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1992

Smoking cessation in women: effects of the menstrual cycle.

Ten females in the midcycle phase of the menstrual cycle, 10 females in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, and 10 males agreed to try and stop smoking for two consecutive days. The Smoking Motivation Questionnaire and Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS) were completed by all subjects beforehand. On each "no smoking" day, the POMS and a Smoking Withdrawal Questionnaire were completed. Males and midcycle females achieved significantly greater smoking reduction than premenstrual females during the "no smoking" days. Premenstrual females reported becoming significantly more tired, confused, depressed, anxious, and irritable than midcycle females. Midcycle females reported only slight changes in feeling state during cigarette withdrawal. The position of the males was broadly intermediate between the two female groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risky single-occasion drinking amongst young people--definition, correlates, policy, and intervention: a broad overview of research findings.

Risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) has dire consequences upon health and well-being including unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, crime, and car accidents. The prevalence of RSOD among young people is alarming. Despite this, as yet, a review of existing literature on RSOD amongst young people is lacking. This article will provide an overview of this area of research focusing on the definition of RSOD, its prevalence among young people, health and behavioural effects of RSOD, the perceived risk of RSOD among young people, and interventions to reduce RSOD in young people. In addition, recommendations are made for health educators interested in reducing the incidence of RSOD in young people.

Adolescent↗