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Biomedical subjects

A R Brulle

Publications and source records attributed to A R Brulle.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Maintenance of therapeutic change by momentary DRO.

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) involves delivery of reinforcement at the end of an interval during which the target behavior has not occurred. Momentary DRO, however, is a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered if a response did not occur at the end of an interval. We examined the extent to which momentary DRO maintained suppression, following initial treatment with whole-interval DRO, of nine retarded students' maladaptive behavior. Results indicate that momentary DRO maintained response suppression comparable to that obtained by whole-interval DRO.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Reduction of stereotypic behaviours using differential reinforcement procedures and momentary restraint.

This study explored the effectiveness and classroom applicability of a combination of DRO and momentary restraint procedures to reduce the stereotypic responding of four severely or profoundly mentally retarded, multihandicapped students aged 6-16 years. Modifications were made in the application of both of the procedures in order for them to be usable by classroom staff; (a) whole-interval DRO was used with no interval reset contingent upon inappropriate responding; and (b) the momentary restraint procedures were very short in duration (i.e. 3, 5 or 10 s). The results indicate that the combination of these two procedures could be readily implemented by classroom staff without a disruption in educational programming. In addition, in each of the four subjects substantial and relatively rapid results occurred. These results are particularly interesting in that the stereotypic behaviours to which they were applied were topographically very different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of two procedures for programming the differential reinforcement of other behaviors.

The relative effectiveness of two methods of programming DRO schedules of reinforcement was examined in two experiments. In these two methods, reinforcement is delivered if inappropriate responding is not occurring (a) at the end of an interval (momentary DRO), or (b) throughout the entire interval (whole-interval DRO). In Experiment 1, the effects of these schedules on disruptive responding of three retarded students were assessed in a multiple-baseline design. For two students, the momentary schedule occurred first and was ineffective, whereas the whole interval that followed was effective; for the third student, the whole-interval schedule occurred first and was effective, and reduced responding was maintained under the momentary schedule. In Experiment 2, baseline and the two DRO schedules were each presented in random order each day to one student in an alternating treatments design. The momentary DRO schedule reduced responding, but the whole-interval schedule was more effective.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1982

Naturalistic studies of mentally retarded persons: V: The effects of staff instructions on student responding.

A naturalistic study, with two purposes, was conducted to evaluate communication between staff and retarded persons in an institutional and in a community setting. The first purpose was to determine the natural rates of attention from staff in the form of instructions. Results showed that verbal instruction was the most prevalent (67%) followed by verbal instruction with physical assistance (12%), nonverbal instruction with physical assistance (10%), nonverbal instruction (6%), and physical assistance (5%). The second purpose was to determine the relative effectiveness of each of these types of instructions. Results showed that although verbal instruction was the most common, it was not the most effective, being surpassed by nonverbal instruction and nonverbal instruction with physical assistance. Results were discussed in terms of (a) their relation to prior research, (b) their use as nomothetic data to provide initial instruction modes, and (c) their use with specific persons on whom individual data have been collected.

Adolescent↗