Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A Richards.
Adenomatoid hyperplasia is a rare idiopathic non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic and benign lesion of minor salivary glands, that typically presents with a tumour-like mass in the palate. A 77-year-old patient is described.
This report describes a young male patient who had enamel hypoplasia, persistent oral candidiasis, skin hyperpigmentation, and vitiligo, and was thus suspected of having candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome. The clinical and laboratory investigations employed to confirm the diagnosis are detailed.
Laryngeal involvement with candida is usually secondary to pulmonary candidiasis and is seen in patients with impaired immunity. We report a case of isolated laryngeal candidiasis involving the vestibular folds and presenting with stridor in a one-year-old child with Down's syndrome and hypogammaglobulinaemia. Vestibular fold reduction and fluconazole achieved resolution of the disease. Candidiasis should be considered in any potentially immunodeficient child presenting with symptoms of laryngeal disease.
Tuberculosis is a disease of protean manifestations, and despite a falling incidence is still prevalent in our society. We present a case of a child whose history and preoperative chest radiograph suggested the presence of a foreign body, but subsequent examination of the material removed at endoscopy revealed a diagnosis of tuberculosis. We suggest that all friable material removed from the lower respiratory tract be submitted for microscopy, culture and histopathology with this diagnosis in mind.
Three experiments are reported comparing high- and low-trait anxious subjects in terms of their patterns of semantic activation in response to ambiguous primes, with one threat-related and one neutral meaning. Such primes were followed by targets related to either their threat or neutral meaning, or by unrelated targets, in a lexical decision task. Experiments 1 to 3 employed stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 750 msec, 500 msec, and 1250 msec, respectively. At 500-msec SOA all subjects showed facilitation for both meanings. At 750-msec SOA the only significant priming effect was that for the threat-related meaning in the high-anxiety group, and a similar trend was found at 1250-msec SOA. Consideration of the patterns of priming for targets following ambiguous threat/neutral primes suggest that at the longer SOAs, high-anxiety subjects consciously "lock on" to a threatening interpretation if one has been made available by earlier automatic spreading activation.
In Study 1 subjects high and low in trait anxiety were asked to identify the colour of anxiety-related, anxiety-matched neutral, happiness-related and happiness-matched neutral words. There were two types of stimulus presentation: blocked trials, where stimuli were blocked with respect to their valence, and mixed trials, where stimuli were mixed with respect to their valence. Subjects high in trait anxiety took longer to identify the colour of anxiety-related compared to matched neutral words for blocked-trial presentation only. In Study 2 subjects were exposed to either a positive or a negative mood-manipulation followed by a mixed-trial Stroop task. The mood manipulation procedure was successful in producing predicted changes in self-reported state anxiety. Analyses showed that high-trait-anxiety subjects exhibited interference effects consistent with the induced mood. No such effects were observed for the low-trait-anxiety subjects.
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Unerupted fluorotic human enamel was obtained from teeth surgically removed from patients with dental fluorosis. Fluoride was measured in samples produced by serial acid etching from the surface to the interior of blocks of buccal and lingual enamel. The severity of fluorosis, according to the TF index, was determined from the macroscopic and microradiographic appearance of the specimens. The shape of the fluoride profiles was not affected by the degree of severity of fluorosis, but the fluoride concentrations increased with increasing severity of lesions. Fluoride concentrations were similar to those previously recorded in erupted fluorotic enamel and were not related to the length of time the teeth had been present in the jaws. It was concluded that the fluoride content of erupted fluorotic enamel represents fluoride acquired during tooth formation and that further uptake prior to eruption may be negligible.
We have compared the size and arrangement of the primary somatic sensory cortex (SI) and its constituent parts in juvenile (1 week old) and mature (10-12 weeks old) rats using succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry and digital image analysis. Our goal was to determine whether some regions of the maturing cortex grow more than others. To this end, we examined (1) the growth of barrels and the surrounding (interbarrel) cortex, (2) the growth of the major somatic representations within SI, and (3) the overall growth of SI compared to the neocortex as a whole. With respect to the first of these issues, SI barrels and barrel-like structures grow more than the intervening cortex. The growth of these elements varies according to region: barrels in the head representation more than double in size, whereas the barrel-like structures in the paw representations increase by only about half this amount. The growth of the major somatic representations within SI is also heterogeneous, the representation of the head enlarging to a greater extent than the representations of the paws. Thus, the ratio of the total area of head representation to the combined paw representation is 15% greater in adults than in juveniles. Finally, the primary somatic sensory cortex grows to a somewhat greater extent than the neocortex as a whole. These observations demonstrate that postnatal cortical growth is not uniform; it varies among cortical barrels and the immediately surrounding (interbarrel) cortex, among the representations of different body parts, and between SI and the rest of the neocortex. As an explanation of this differential growth, we suggest that the neuropil of metabolically (and/or electrically) more active cortical regions grows to a greater extent during maturation than that of less active regions.
Epstein syndrome is a rare dominantly inherited disorder in which the main features are nephritis, deafness and macrothrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia. A case with oral haemorrhage and purpuric lesions is reported. This appears to be the first report of this syndrome in the dental literature.
A considerable number of agents have been proposed as causing ligneous conjunctivitis. We report the first case to arise as a side effect of tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron), an anti-fibrinolytic drug used in the treatment of menorrhagia. In addition to the typical conjunctival changes our patient had lesions affecting the gingiva and the peritoneum the last causing considerable protein loss into the peritoneal cavity.
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Between 1966 and 1970, infants with birthweights between 1000 and 1500g entered a randomized controlled trial to determine the short-term and long-term results of neonatal intensive care. Of 158 long-term survivors, five were lost to follow-up, but the multidisciplinary research team prospectively followed 143 children up to the age of eight years. Useful data were available for the other 10 children. Of the long-term survivors 74 had received routine, and 84 had received intensive nursery care. At eight years of age there were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of a variety of individual abnormalities; fewer of the intensively managed children had cerebral palsy, but sensorineural deafness and ocular abnormalities occurred more frequently. Individual children were graded into four carefully defined groups: (a) profound handicap (4.4 per cent of entire study group); (b) severe handicap (10.1 per cent); (c) significant handicap (37.3 per cent); and (d) trivial or no handicap (41.8 per cent). Inadequate data were available for 6.3 per cent of the children. It was apparent that the improved survival attributed to intensive neonatal care was achieved at the expense of additional severely handicapped children, and this feature is discussed.
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