The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction. Analysis of complications.
Sixty-seven patients underwent 73 pectoralis major myocutaneous flap procedures for the immediate reconstruction of defects after resection of head and neck cancers. Thirty-six patients experienced a total of 50 complications for an overall complication rate of 54 percent. There were 3 instances of total flap necrosis, 9 of partial flap necrosis, 12 orocutaneous fistulas, 9 suture line separations, 8 neck wound complications, 1 donor site complication, and 8 mandibular replacement complications. Most complications were minor and did not require a second procedure for correction; however, 36 percent did require a second operation. Eight of 10 patients in whom a metal appliance was placed to restore mandibular continuity required the removal of that appliance due to either flap necrosis, fistula formation, or exposure. Based on our experience, we conclude that attention to flap design, operative technique, and post-operative management were useful in reducing the incidence of complications. We also conclude that a metal appliance was an unsatisfactory means of restoring mandibular continuity when utilized beneath a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Although the overall incidence of complications was high, the actual incidence of flaps failing to accomplish their intended purpose and requiring secondary repair was acceptable. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was reliable in the reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region.