Biomedical subjects

A Scheynius

Publications and source records attributed to A Scheynius.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Virus-activated T cells regulate expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in sites of infection.

To study the role of cell adhesion molecules in the fatal CD8+ T-cell mediated meningitis which is induced by intracerebral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the expression of relevant molecules on inflammatory cells and local endothelium was analyzed immunohistochemically. Most inflammatory cells were strongly positive for LFA-1, VLA-4, Pgp-1 and ICAM-1. Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was upregulated on the endothelial cells in immunocompetent mice, but not in T-cell deficient nude mice. Analysis of mice deficient in either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, revealed that not only was the inflammatory reaction dependent on the presence of CD8+ cells, but these cells also appeared to be required for maximal upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the endothelial cells. These results indicate that virus-specific CD8+ T cells are crucially involved in regulating the inflammatory reaction through effects on endothelial expression of adhesion molecules.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

IgE, IgE receptors, and other immunocytochemical markers in atopic and nonatopic patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) often is associated with atopy but a considerable part of the patients lack evidence of specific hypersensitivity. An immunocytochemical study was undertaken with the aim of detecting possible differences in the tissue inflammatory response between atopic and nonatopic subjects with VKC. METHODS: Conjunctival biopsy specimens from six atopic and three nonatopic subjects with VKC (age range, 7-17 years) and eight healthy control subjects (age range, 3-15 years) were analyzed with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. RESULTS: No distinct differences in cell counts between atopic and nonatopic subjects with VKC were observed. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis specimens as a whole showed higher counts than control specimens for CD3+, CD4+, HLA-DR+, CD38+, EG2+, CD68+, IgE+, FC epsilon RI+, IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in the substantia propria; and for CD1a+, IgE+, and EG2+ cells in the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Because the number of cells expressing CD4, EG2, IgE, and the high-affinity receptor for IgE, all of which are considered relevant in infiltrates of allergic conditions, were similar in atopic and nonatopic subjects, the authors conclude that the role of allergen-specific IgE sensitization in the pathogenesis of VKC remains unclear.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Increased lymphocyte infiltration in duodenal mucosa from patients with psoriasis and serum IgA antibodies to gliadin.

In a screening study concerning IgA and IgG antibodies to gliadin (IgA AGA and IgG AGA, respectively) in psoriasis, raised levels of IgA and AGA were found to be more common than in a reference group. To determine whether elevated AGA levels were associated with an increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, 33 patients with IgA AGA (n = 28) or IgG AGA (n = 5) values above 90% of the reference values (> 50 units/ml IgA AGA and < 12 units/ml IgG AGA) underwent gastroduodenoscopy and duodenal biopsy in a prospective study. For comparison, six patients with low levels of both IgA AGA and IgG AGA were included. Five biopsy specimens were taken in each patient. Paraffin-embedded specimens were examined with regard to the degree of intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration, and scored from 0 to 3. Biopsy specimens with a score of 0 had one mononuclear cell or less per four epithelial cells. The specimens were also examined with regard to the presence of intraepithelial CD3+ T lymphocytes and gamma/delta+ T lymphocytes. In the six patients with low IgA AGA and low IgG AGA, the biopsy score was 0. Fourteen of the 33 patients with raised AGA had a score of > or = 1; of these, 12 had raised IgA AGA and two had slightly raised IgG AGA. Two of the patients with raised IgA AGA had partial villous atrophy, but the majority had normal villous architecture. There was a significant correlation both between the biopsy score and the number of intraepithelial CD3+ cells and between the score and the number of intraepithelial gamma/delta+ positive T lymphocytes. The serum IgA AGA levels were significantly correlated with the duodenal biopsy score, the number of intraepithelial gamma/delta+ T lymphocytes, and the number of CD3+ intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Most patients had no, or only mild, gastrointestinal symptoms. Of the 14 patients with biopsy scores > or = 1, seven had severe psoriasis and five moderately severe psoriasis, whereas only two had mild psoriasis. There was no relationship between the duodenal score and haemoglobin, folate, whole blood selenium or serum zinc levels. Some of these patients improve on a gluten-free diet, but it is still too early to draw any definite conclusions concerning the type of relationship between the skin lesions, the increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenal mucosa and gluten hypersensitivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Localization of major allergens in the dust mite Lepidoglyphus destructor with confocal laser scanning microscopy.

The dust mite Lepidoglyphus destructor is the dominating source of allergens giving rise to asthma and rhinitis among farmers. In a previous study of the localization of allergens in L. destructor we demonstrated that the 39 kDa allergen is associated with digestion. Here we describe the localization of the principal 15 kDa allergen and the high molecular weight allergen complex (79 and 93 kDa) in L. destructor with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cryostat-cut sections of mite bodies and faecal pellets were probed with mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) raised against the allergens. The 15 kDa allergen disclosed labelling of the mite body and most of the faecal pellets but left the exoskeleton unlabelled. The binding was widespread, and most intense in the mouth region. However, some staining was also observed around the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, the 79 and 93 kDa allergen complex stained the exoskeleton and the front part of the mite. Interestingly, we detected no labelling of the faecal pellets with the MoAb against the 79/93 kDa allergen. The study indicates that the 15 kDa allergen is associated with the digestive tract whereas the function of the 79 and 93 kDa allergen complex remains to be elucidated.

Allergens↗

PubMed1995

Influence of culture period on the allergenic composition of Pityrosporum orbiculare extracts.

BACKGROUND: Previous characterization studies of Pityrosporum orbiculare allergens have led to contradictory results. In immunoblotting studies a range of IgE-binding proteins of 10-100 kDa have been identified. In another study, however, the IgE-binding structures were claimed to be associated with high-molecular-weight polysaccharides or glycoproteins, presumably mannans or mannoproteins. OBJECTIVE: In the present study the reasons for these discrepancies were investigated. METHODS: P. orbiculare preparations were compared in IgE ELISA and IgE-inhibition ELISA, as well as in immunoblotting with sera from atopic dermatitis patients. RESULTS: It was inferred that variations in the period of in vitro culture of P. orbiculare constituted the most important factor determining the different compositions of the resulting yeast cell extracts. After 2 days of culture a wide range of allergenic proteins was present but upon more prolonged culture (> 4 days) most proteins of 10-100 kDa were lost. Accordingly, the protein concentration of the extracts gradually declined from 40% to 25% between days 4 and 15 of culture. On the other hand, the carbohydrate content remained fairly constant (approximately 30%). Using inhibition ELISA it was demonstrated that the high-molecular-weight glycoproteins or polysaccharides presumably involved in most of the IgE-binding capacity in extracts from old cultures, were also present in comparable concentrations in all extracts tested, even after culture for only 2 or 4 days. CONCLUSION: Preparations obtained from the exponential phase of yeast cultures (2-4 days old), should preferably be used in studies of the IgE response to P. orbiculare.

Allergens↗

PubMed1995

Interferon-alpha production and tissue localization of interferon-alpha/beta producing cells after intradermal administration of Aujeszky's disease virus-infected cells in pigs.

Intradermal administration of glutaraldehyde-fixed Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) infected autologous or allogeneic cells resulted in the induction of an interferon (IFN)-alpha response in pigs. Using a sensitive dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA), IFN-alpha was detected in blood at 8 and 24 h after injection of ADV-infected cells. In parallel, by means of in situ hybridization, IFN-alpha/beta mRNA containing cells were demonstrated in regional lymph nodes. Occasional IFN-alpha/beta mRNA positive cells were also seen in injected dermal areas, but not in contralateral lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or liver. The ability of leucocytes in whole blood cultures to produce IFN-alpha upon stimulation by ADV was markedly diminished 3-7 days after intradermal injection of ADV-infected cells. In contrast, cultures of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) had intact IFN-alpha responses. Further, serum from ADV-injected pigs inhibited the in vitro ADV-induced IFN-alpha responses in PBMC from control pigs, most likely due to the demonstrated presence of anti-ADV antibodies. We suggest that the IFN-alpha/beta producing cells in lymph nodes may participate in the development of antiviral immunity and could be equivalent to Natural IFN-alpha/beta producing (NIP) cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection is associated with long-standing perturbation of LFA-1 expression on CD8+ T cells.

Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus revealed marked and long-standing up-regulation of LFA-1 expression on CD8+, but not on CD4+ T cells. Appearance of CD8+ T cells with a changed expression of adhesion molecules reflected polyclonal activation and expansion which was demonstrated not to depend on CD4+ T cells or their products. Cell sorting experiments defined virus-specific CTL to be included in this population (LFA-1hiMEL-14lo), but since about 80% of splenic CD8+ T cells have a changed phenotype, extensive bystander activation must take place; this is indicated also by the finding that CD8+LFA-1hi cells transiently express several markers of cellular activation, e.g. transferrin receptor, IL-2R alpha and beta. Analysis of cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected intracerebrally showed that virtually all T cells present belonged to the CD8+LFA-1hi subset and, correspondingly, the ligand ICAM-1 was found to be up-regulated on endothelial cells in the inflamed meninges. Preincubation of LCMV-primed donor splenocytes with anti-LFA-1 markedly inhibited the transfer of virus-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity to naive recipients. Together, these findings indicate that up-regulation of LFA-1 expression is a critical factor involved in directing activated CD8+ T cells to sites of viral infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Quantitative and three-dimensional analysis of human Langerhans cells in epidermal sheets and vertical skin sections.

We used confocal laser scanning microscopy to analyze and compare Langerhans cells (LCs) in normal skin of six subjects. Acetone-fixed epidermal sheets and 25-microns vertical skin sections were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against HLA-DR. An individual threshold setting algorithm compensating for the differences in background fluorescence was applied to identify specific fluorescence. No statistically significant difference was found in the relative volume of epidermal HLA-DR reactivity between epidermal sheets (14 +/- 5%) and vertical skin sections (13 +/- 6%) or in the number of dendrites per HLA-DR+ LCs (7.8 +/- 3.1 and 5.9 +/- 3.1, n = 58, respectively). However, statistically significant higher background intensity was found in vertical sections than in epidermal sheets. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of HLA-DR+ LCs revealed a concentration of HLA-DR to one or a few intracellular vesicles in 42 of 58 analyzed LCs in epidermal sheets and in 18 of 58 analyzed LCs in vertical sections. Direct contact between dendrites from different LCs was not found. The results indicate that both skin forms are suitable for quantitative studies. Owing to less background intensity and larger tissue volume, detailed 3D analysis of LCs is preferably performed on epidermal sheets rather than on vertical sections.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Evidence of a local intestinal immunomodulatory effect of sulfasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the intestinal mucosa in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is immunologically abnormal and whether sulfasalazine (SSZ) possesses any local intestinal immunoregulatory effect. METHODS: Lymphocyte subpopulations and HLA-DR expression were evaluated in biopsy specimens from the duodenal-jejunal mucosa and in peripheral blood samples obtained from 17 patients with RA, both before and after 16 weeks of SSZ treatment. The same mucosal assays were also performed in 7 controls. RESULTS: The mucosa of the small intestine in RA patients showed no differences in morphology, HLA-DR expression, or the amounts and distribution of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and gamma/delta + lymphocytes compared with the control group. However, there was a reduction in mucosal CD3+ and gamma/delta + lymphocyte numbers after SSZ therapy, which did not correspond to a change in peripheral blood CD3+ lymphocyte number. SSZ treatment also tended to diminish the peripheral blood CD4+:CD8+ cell ratio (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: No signs of inflammation or immunologic abnormalities were seen in RA duodenal-jejunal mucosa. In this part of the intestine, however, SSZ exerted immunoregulatory effects that were not encountered in the peripheral blood.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1994

Sawdust-induced inflammatory changes in rat lung: effects on alveolar and interstitial cells in relation to time.

Exposure to sawdust and its contaminants, e.g., terpenes, may cause respiratory tract and lung parenchymal inflammation. To monitor these changes over time. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed at one occasion to 2.5 mg sawdust or saline by intratracheal instillation. Flow cytometry analyses were done on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. Lung tissue specimens were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. After one week, the number of BAL polymorphonuclear leukocytes was increased (P < 0.05, N = 8), followed at six weeks by increases of macrophages and lymphocytes (both P < 0.01, N = 8). Enhanced expressions of class II antigens and complement receptors on macrophages after one week were even more pronounced at six weeks, indicating cellular activation. The BAL findings, also including increased (P < 0.001, N = 8) concentrations of hyaluronan with progressing changes over time, confirmed the signs of inflammation, as did the histological analysis of the lung tissue specimens with an accumulation of polymorphonuclears, macrophages, and hyaluronan in the interstitium.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effect of sulphasalazine on gastrointestinal microflora and on mucosal heat shock protein expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study was performed in order to elucidate a possible association between mucosal heat shock protein expression, the gastrointestinal microflora and disease activity in 17 patients with RA before and after 16 weeks of sulphasalazine (SASP) treatment. The duodenal-jejunal mucosal binding of the monoclonal antibody ML30, recognizing the 65 kDa heat shock protein of mycobacteria, was increased (P = 0.048) in the untreated RA patients compared to controls, but did not correlate to disease, activity or microflora and was not altered by SASP therapy. There was no convincing evidence for bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum and the faecal microflora was normal. SASP treatment altered the faecal microflora, with significant reductions of the total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides, and increased numbers of Bacillus. SASP had only minor effects on the jejunal microflora. A high carriage frequency of Candida albicans was found in saliva and the counts correlated negatively with the unstimulated whole salivary secretion rate. These results suggest that the gut may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of RA but do not substantiate the hypothesis that the anti-rheumatic effects of SASP are mediated via its anti-microbial properties. However, the possibility that a micro-organism, not detected in this study, may be of crucial importance in RA, cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Quantitative and 3-dimensional analysis of Langerhans cells in basal cell carcinoma. A comparative study using light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

We have analysed Langerhans cells (LCs) in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in healthy skin in 15 patients, using three different techniques: light microscopic examination of horizontal sheets, and of 6-micron-thick vertical skin sections, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of 25-micron-thick vertical sections. The use of CLSM enables both a quantitative and a three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of the cells in the same tissue volume. A statistically significant reduction in the relative volume of epidermal CD1a reactivity confined to tumour areas was found with CLSM. This difference was confirmed when the number of LCs in horizontal sheets were counted. In contrast, no significant reduction in epidermal CD1a+ cells was found in thin vertical sections. This is probably due to the smaller tissue sample examined, and to variations in the number of CD1a+ cells, with less cells directly overlying the tumour nests. The ratio of CD1a-expressing cells in the epidermis/dermis was significantly reduced in BCCs, compared with healthy looking skin. Few LCs were observed in tumour nests, but they were numerous in the surrounding stroma of the dermis. Three-dimensional reconstructions of CD1a+ cells in BCC revealed striking morphological changes; they had a reduced number of dendrites, and these were often short and had few branches. The results demonstrate that CLSM is a suitable technique for quantitative and morphological analysis of CD1a-expressing cells in the skin. We suggest that the alterations in LC numbers, distribution and morphology in BCC most probably are secondary to changes in the local environment.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Germline-encoded IgG antibodies bind mouse cartilage in vivo: epitope- and idiotype-specific binding and inhibition.

Autoantibodies specific for type-II collagen (CII) occur in mice and rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The binding in vitro and in vivo of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for separate epitopes in CII have been investigated. Two-day-old mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the anti-CII antibody CIID3 in both unlabelled and biotinylated form. It was found that antibodies binding to the same epitope in CII in vivo can inhibit others from binding in an epitope-specific fashion. The binding in vivo and in vitro of anti-CII antibodies could be inhibited also by an anti-idiotypic rat antiserum produced against the D3 antibody. The anti-idiotypic antiserum inhibited the binding of the antibody D3 and the idiotypically related antibody C2. The cDNA's of anti-CII antibodies D3, C2, and F4 were sequenced and found to contain germline encoded V-genes, apparently without somatic mutations. The variable heavy chain of D3 and C2 both expressed the same VH rearrangement, confirming that they share idiotypes. This report demonstrates that CII-specific germline-encoded IgG autoantibodies bind specifically to normal cartilage in vivo via their combining site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Identification of allergen components of the opportunistic yeast Pityrosporum orbiculare by monoclonal antibodies.

The yeast Pityrosporum orbiculare (P. orbiculare) is a member of the normal human cutaneous flora, but it is also associated with several clinical manifestations of the skin. We have previously observed IgE-binding components in P. orbiculare extracts, using sera from patients with atopic dermatitis. In the present study, we raised several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against P. orbiculare to characterize some of its antigens, and used Candida albicans (C. albicans) as a control. We obtained several IgG1 MoAbs which specifically recognized P. orbiculare in ELISA. Two of these were selected for immunoblotting studies on P. orbiculare, and two patterns of reactivity emerged. Firstly, one MoAb showed a distinct band at a molecular mass of 67 kDa. In the second pattern, a sharp band at about 37 kDa appeared. In contrast, the IgM antibodies raised reacted with a 14-kDa component; but they reacted with C. albicans in addition to P. orbiculare. The IgG1 antibodies seemed to react with proteins, as their ability to react in ELISA with extract pretreated with protease was greatly reduced. In contrast, IgM MoAbs were much less affected, suggesting that they recognized nonprotein components. To determine whether these MoAbs-binding components were also recognized by human IgE, we adopted a radioimmunoassay (RIA) using the MoAbs as catcher antibodies. Both the 67-kDa and the 37-kDa components were IgE-binding proteins. P. orbiculare RAST positive sera were scored as positive in the RIA, whereas the control serum was not.

Allergens↗

PubMed1993

CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation.

The in vivo administration of certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the adhesion receptor, CD44, into normal mice induces both a modulation of CD44 from the surface of peripheral lymphocytes, and a concomitant increase in the amount of soluble CD44 in the serum. CD44-negative lymphocytes isolated from anti-CD44-treated mice exhibit normal homing patterns upon adoptive transfer, and are capable of reexpressing CD44 upon activation. The treatment of haptensensitized mice with anti-CD44 mAb inhibits their ability to mount a cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response within the first 24 h after hapten challenge. This inhibition reflects a block in both the edema and leukocyte infiltration of the cutaneous site of DTH, whereas the extravasation and accumulation of leukocytes in the draining lymph nodes progress normally. After 72 h, the leukocytes that extravasate into the site of antigen challenge express CD44. These results indicate that CD44 is not necessary for normal leukocyte circulation but is required for leukocyte extravasation into an inflammatory site involving nonlymphoid tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Reduced contact sensitivity reactions in mice treated with monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

We have investigated the effect of the administration of mAb against leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 (CD11a/CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) on the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene-sensitized CD2F1 mice. An i.p. injection of the mAb FD441.8 against CD11a at the time of ear challenge led to an almost complete inhibition of ear swelling compared with control animals. Administration of anti-CD54 mAb, 3E2 or YN1/1.7.4, before challenge, resulted in approximately 50% reduction of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. The decrease in ear swelling reflected a profound inhibition of the edema and the cell infiltration in ears from animals treated with anti-CD11a, and a partial inhibition with anti-CD54 treatment. In addition, the threefold increase in the number of cells recovered from the draining lymph nodes 24 h after challenge in sensitized mice injected with normal IgG was ablated in mice treated with anti-CD11a and partially reduced in anti-CD54-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the in vivo administered anti-CD11a mAb was associated with the surface of the majority of the cells in the lymph nodes 24 h after injection and challenge, whereas the anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mAb reacted preferentially with the vascular endothelium. It is concluded that leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 contribute to the generation of an optimal delayed-type hypersensitivity response.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Induced expression of heat-shock protein on biliary epithelium in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

In both primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis it is supposed that immunological mechanisms are involved in the progressive destruction of the bile ducts. The aberrant expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR in the bile ducts of patients with these disorders enables the biliary epithelium to present putative antigens to the surrounding lymphocytes; however, no such antigen has been identified. Heat-shock proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various immunological destructive disorders. Liver biopsy specimens from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 10) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 13) were compared with those from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection (n = 5) and alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 4) and from normal controls (n = 6). Liver sections were investigated by means of immunohistochemical study using a mouse monoclonal antibody, ML30, directed against the 65-kD heat-shock protein of Mycobacterium, with monoclonal antibody against human leukocyte antigen-DR and with the monoclonal antibody Identi-Tr TCR delta 1, which recognizes a determinant on the delta-chain of the gamma/delta form of the human T-cell receptor. Human leukocyte antigen-DR expression was found on the biliary epithelium of all primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis patients but not on bile ducts from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis C infection or those from normal controls. The biliary epithelium reacted with ML30 in 9 of 10 primary biliary cirrhosis patients and in all primary sclerosing cholangitis patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Intestinal distribution of hyaluronan in small bowel allografting in the rat.

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid; HA) was demonstrated and quantified in small bowel tissue at different times after small bowel transplantation. Semiallogeneic or semisyngeneic rat models were used to elicit either unidirectional graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In normal rat small bowel, HA was present in the villous lamina propria and around medium-sized vessels in the interstitium of the crypt area. During graft rejection a cellular infiltrate and edema appeared in the lamina propria in the crypt area where an accumulation of HA was also demonstrated. There was progressive accumulation of HA in the small bowel during rejection, and on day 6 there was a threefold increase compared to the values in syngeneic grafts. The increase in tissue HA was paralleled by an increase in the total water content of the rejecting graft. In specimens from animals suffering from GVHD, no significant changes in water or HA content and distribution were observed until day 12. The data suggest that accumulation of HA might contribute to the pathophysiology of the transplantation edema and that HA might be of potential diagnostic value in differentiating between graft rejection and GVHD.

Animals↗